The clinical success of antibody-drug conjugates （ADCs） has driven the rapid development of novel conjugate drugs， including radionuclide drug conjugates （RDCs）， peptide drug conjugates （PDCs）， and small molecule drug conjugates （SMDCs）. These drugs offer significant advantages in cancer treatment by integrating targeted delivery with efficient payload release and are progressively expanding into disease diagnosis and therapeutic areas beyond oncology. This article systematically reviewed the current landscape of conjugate drugs， coupling technologies， recent progress， and clinical translation， while exploring future directions in expanding indications， technological advancements， and integrated theranostic applications.

The occurrence and development of liver diseases are finely regulated by various cell types and their spatial organization patterns. Spatial transcriptomics （ST） can achieve spatial localization of gene expression at the tissue slice level and has become an important technique for analyzing liver tissue to reveal dynamic changes in the disease microenvironment. The review summarized the research progress of ST technology in various liver diseases， such as alcoholic fatty liver disease， liver fibrosis， and hepatocellular carcinoma， sorted out the applications in revealing tissue spatial heterogeneity， intercellular interactions， and dynamic changes， and analyzed the current bottlenecks and future development directions of the technology. The aim is to provide data foundation and theoretical support for biomarker discovery， targeted therapeutic design，and personalized treatment strategies for early diagnosis and intervention of liver diseases.

Spermidine （Spd） is a type of trimethylamine metabolite widely present in living organisms. However， the abundance of Spd in natural biological systems is extremely low and traditional chemical synthesis methods are cumbersome and environmentally burden some， making it difficult for existing production mode to meet the increasing market demand. This review systematically summarized the biosynthesis mechanism of spermidine， with a focus on analyzing three pathways of spermidine synthesis， including the classical spermidine synthase spermidine synthase （SPDS） pathway， the synthesis pathway based on carboxyaminopropylagmatine （CAPA）， and the pathway based on L-aspartate-4-semialdehyde （L-Asa）. The differences in key pathway enzymes， the distribution of precursor substance metabolic flow， and the efficiency of transmembrane transport were explored， and the research progress of metabolic engineering and enzyme engineering strategies in optimizing the spermidine pathway was summarized. The bottleneck problems existing in the current spermidine biosynthesis system were analyzed， aiming to provide theoretical support and technical references for constructing high-yield cell factories and promoting the industrialized biological manufacturing of spermidine.

Vascular calcification （VC） is a prevalent complication in patients with chronic kidney disease （CKD） and a major contributor to their high cardiovascular disease （CVD）. A central event in VC is the transdifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells （VSMC） into an osteoblast-like phenotype. This process is driven by complex factors including hyperphosphatemia， inflammation， and uremic toxins. However， its precise molecular mechanisms remain elusive. This review summarized the pathological mechanisms of VC in the context of CKD， focusing on the osteogenic phenotypic transformation of VSMC. Furthermore， the pathogenesis of VC involves epigenetic modifications， cellular stress， and senescence. These alterations interact and collectively drive disease progression. A deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying VSMC phenotypic transformation is crucial， as it will not only identify precise therapeutic targets for CKD-related VC but also lay a theoretical foundation for developing novel interventions， with the ultimate goal of improving patients' cardiovascular outcomes and quality of life.

Star anise （Illicium verum Hook. f.） belongs to the Magnoliaceae family， a medicinal-food homologous plant endemic to China， has current research primarily focused on the development and utilization of its chemical components and pharmacological effects. However， challenges remain in the systematic identification of its chemical composition， insufficient quantitative data on pharmacological effects， and the absence of standardized protocols for processing and extraction technologies. The review systematically sorted out the main constituents， including volatile oils， phenolic acids， flavonoids， and sesquiterpene lactones， analysed the pharmacological activities such as antibacterial， analgesic， anti-inflammatory， and antioxidant effects and summarized the main points of extraction techiniques， analysis and fresh material processing technology. It provides strong support for improving the research methods and technological standards of star anise， improving the efficiency of resource utilization and industrial application.

Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） has been used in China for thousands of years to treat diseases. The components of TCM are notoriously complex and sourced from a wide variety of origins， including plants， animals， fungi， and minerals. Polysaccharides represent a major class of bioactive constituents in TCM. TCM polysaccharides exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities， such as immunomodulatory， antiviral， anti-inflammatory， antioxidant， and antitumor effects， which have attracted sustained and growing interest in the scientific community. Current research mainly focuses on the extraction， purification， and biological activities of TCM polysaccharides. Advances on polysaccharide chemistry technology have enabled the targeted enhancement of bioactivity through chemical modifications， such as sulfation， phosphorylation， and acetylation， making this an emerging frontier in the field. This review summarized recent studies on the chemical modifications and biological activities of TCM polysaccharides， offering new perspectives for future research and application of structurally modified polysaccharides.

Cyclosporin A （CsA） is a secondary metabolite with multiple biological activities such as immunosuppression， antibacterial， and anti-inflammatory effects， which holds significant application value in clinical treatment and the biomedical field. To further increase the fermentation content of CsA， based on single-factor experiments， the optimal fermentation conditions were obtained through Plackett-Burman design， central composite design （CCD） and response surface analysis （RSM）. The results indicated that the contents of corn steep powder， ammonium sulfate， glucose， and the fermentation time had a significant impact on the biosynthesis of CsA. Eventually， the suitable medium composition was determined as follows： 8.0% maltodextrin， 6.88% corn steep powder， 0.15% yeast extract powder， 0.18% ammonium sulfate， 0.61% glucose， and 0.1% PEG200. The optimized fermentation parameters were a cultivation temperature of 24 ℃ and a fermentation time of 10.8 days. The fermentation yield of CsA reached 11.76 mg·mL^-1， which was increased by 47.95% compared with the initial conditions， after the optimization of the fermentation process. The research results provide important theoretical basis and technical parameters for the process scale-up of this strain.

Exosomes， natural extracellular vesicles measuring 30~150 nm in diameter， serve as critical carriers for intercellular communication. The bioactive molecules they carry， including proteins， nucleic acids and lipids， have made them a research hotspot in biomedicine. With the development of biotechnology， exosomes have shown great potential in the fields of disease diagnosis， drug delivery and tissue regeneration. This review systematically elaborated on the basic biological characteristics of exosomes， the latest breakthroughs in their engineering modification technologies （including genetic engineering， microfluidic technology and chemical modification）， and their innovative applications in cancer therapy， tissue repair and neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore， we conducted an in-depth analysis of the key challenges in clinical translation： large-scale production， targeting optimization and standardization. Finally， we looked forward to future directions such as artificial intelligence （AI）-assisted design， personalized medicine， and other future directions. Thanks to their unique biocompatibility and programmability， engineered exosomes are expected to serve as a "next-generation drug delivery platform"， providing a new paradigm for precision medicine and holding broad clinical application prospects.

In recent years， China has achieved significant progress in the application of biological breeding technologies. However， there remains considerable scope for breakthroughs in basic theoretical research， core technology development， and market cultivation of major varieties. Biological breeding is a core driver of innovation in the modern bio-breeding industry， which innovates breeding techniques， methods， and products， thereby enhancing the yield， quality， and adaptability of crops. These improvements aim to meet the increasing global demand for food and address environmental challenges. Developed countries and international seed industry giants have integrated biotechnology with big data， artificial intelligence， and other cutting-edge technologies to propel the seed industry into the "Seed Industry 4.0" era， and the breeding mode is shifting from traditional "hybrid selection" to "intelligent selection and breeding". Based on this， the article reviewed the development history of biological breeding technology， the current status of the domestic and international biological breeding industry， summarized the innovation and application of key technologies in biological breeding， discussed the problems and challenges facing the industrialization of biological breeding， and looked forward to future development trends， in order to provide reference for enhancing China's biological breeding innovation capabilities and seed industry development.

The development of antibody drugs faces significant industrial challenges， including extended timelines （>3 years）， high costs （>$200 million） and difficulties in collaborative optimization of multiple attributes. Traditional methods such as hybridoma technology are limited by low throughput and inadequate global optimization capabilities. In recent years， deep learning （DL） has provided breakthrough solutions for the intelligent development of antibody drugs. This review systematically summarized the research progress of DL in antibody drug development， with a focus on exploring representative methods and technical challenges in core aspects such as antibody sequence design， structure prediction， affinity prediction and maturation， and multi-objective optimization. It also provides an outlook on future development， aiming to provide a reference for the transformation of antibody drug research and development towards intelligence and globalization.

Microbes， as indispensable components of ecosystems， such as bacteria and fungi existed in nearly all natural environments can produce secondary metabolites with varying chemical structures and ecological functions，which endowed the producing strains with ecological niche protection functions. The article reviewed the research progress on the adaptability of secondary metabolites to microorganisms in ecological environments， with a focus on their functions in microbial attack and defense， quorum sensing， interspecies cooperative pathogenicity， virulence， regulation of morphological differentiation， and resistance to ultraviolet radiation. The ecological functions of secondary metabolites in microbial interactions and nutrient acquisition processes， as well as their potential application value in agriculture and medicine， were summarized. It also proposes the use of specific ecological environment microbial resources to mine active secondary metabolites， which would help meet the demand for new compounds with high activity and low toxicity in agriculture and medical fields.

The field-effect transistor （FET） biosensor is a type of sensor based on the principle of detecting biomolecules or biomarkers. Due to the signal amplification characteristics of its electric field effect， it enables the detection of biomolecular interactions at extremely low concentrations， further enabling biomolecular recognition. In the field of nucleic acid detection， this approach offers the unique advantage of eliminating the need for nucleic acid amplification， resulting in shorter detection times. Additionally， FET biosensors also excel in nucleic acid detection performance， portability， and cost-effectiveness. Overall， FET biosensors can achieve ultra-rapid and ultra-sensitive targeted identification of viral genes. Combined with microfluidic technology， nanomaterials， or flexible electronic materials， they hold significant promise for application in food safety， clinical diagnosis， genotyping， biosafety， and other fields. To facilitate the better application of FET sensors in biological detection， this review summarized the current applications of FET biosensors in nucleic acid detection and provided a classification and discussion based on the biological recognition layer， aiming to offer insights for future research in this area.

Tendon injury is one of the most common symptoms in trauma surgery， which is mainly treated by surgical suturing in clinic. However， surgical treatment remains complications of re-reputure and adhesion formation after operation. In recent years， multiple nucleic acid drugs based on RNA interference （RNAi） have been on the market and gene therapy has received widespread attention. It is critical to choose a kind of suitable carrier to avoid the degradation of small interfering RNA （siRNA） and escape the endonucleases. Compared to the viral vectors that are prone to mutations， nanoparticles have higher safety and modifiability. This review systematically summarized the mechanism of action of siRNA， optimization strategies for gene therapy vectors， and their application progress in tendon repair， and looks forward to the potential of nanocarriers in clinical translation.

The biopharmaceutical industry is transitioning from traditional batch production to continuous manufacturing processes to improve efficiency， reduce costs and enhance quality control. The traditional batch production model suffers from low efficiency， high cost and inconsistent quality， while the continuous manufacturing process still faces many challenges in terms of technological breakthroughs and regulatory compliance. The technological breakthroughs of continuous bioprocesses for antibody drugs were summarized， including upstream high-density perfusion culture， downstream multi-column chromatography and continuous virus clearance technology. It also analyzed the quality control challenges of continuous processes， such as real-time release testing， process validation and data integrity issues， and introduced the current application status and regulatory progress of global biopharmaceutical companies. The article provided practitioners and regulators in the biopharmaceutical industry with a comprehensive technical and regulatory perspective of continuous manufacturing processes， helping to promote technological upgrading and regulatory innovation in the industry.

Osteoporosis （OP） is a metabolic bone disease characterized by reduced bone mass and deterioration of bone microarchitecture. An imbalance in bone remodeling represents the core pathological basis of OP， with oxidative stress playing a critical role in disrupting bone homeostasis and contributing to the development and progression of the disease. This article provided a systematic review of the structure and function of Nrf2， the biological effects of oxidative stress， and their interplay in the pathological mechanisms of OP. It is expected to promote future research combining single-cell omics， gene editing， and clinical translation， deepen the understanding of the regulatory mechanism of Nrf2， and promote the development of OP diagnosis and treatment technologies targeting Nrf2.

Cancer-associated fibroblasts （CAFs） are an integral component of the tumor microenvironment. Recent studies have established a close association between CAFs and the development， malignant progression， and poor prognosis of breast cancer. However， a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between CAFs and breast cancer cell growth， invasion， metastasis， and prognosis remains incomplete. In breast cancer， CAFs are regulated by tumor cells. Conversely， CAFs significantly influence tumor behavior by secreting cytokines and exosomes， which modulate the immune microenvironment， remodel the extracellular matrix， and suppress immune cell function. These actions collectively promote tumor initiation， migration， invasion， and drug resistance. This review summarized the role of CAFs in breast cancer cell growth， invasion， and metastasis， as well as their association with patient prognosis. This synthesis aimed to deepen the understanding of breast cancer pathogenesis and provide a theoretical basis for its diagnosis， treatment， and prognostic assessment.

Ischemic stroke （IS） is a neurological disorder caused by cerebrovascular occlusion or stenosis leading to inadequate cerebral blood supply， resulting in brain tissue damage that severely affects patient survival and prognosis. Histone acetylation， a post-translational modification dynamically regulated by histone acetyltransferase （HAT） and histone deacetylase （HDAC）， influences IS pathogenesis by modulating gene expression related to microglial polarization， apoptosis， and ferroptosis. Studies demonstrate that interventions targeting histone acetylation through natural compounds， small-molecule drugs， and biopharmaceuticals can effectively mitigate neuronal damage and exert neuroprotective effects. This review focused on histone acetylation to elucidate its regulatory mechanisms in IS progression and its potential as a therapeutic target， aiming to provide theoretical foundations for the subsequent clinical IS treatment.

Autophagy and apoptosis are the key physiological processes to maintain cell homeostasis， and their interaction has important pathological significance in tumors， neurodegenerative diseases and cardiovascular diseases. The molecular mechanism of the two dynamic regulatory networks has not been fully analyzed in the existing studies， and the strategies targeting the regulation of autophagy and apoptosis balance in disease treatment are still lacking in accuracy. Studies have shown that through a bidirectional regulatory mechanism and targeting key hub proteins can synergically inhibit apoptosis and activate autophagy. The review summarized the interaction mechanism between artophagy and apoptosis， as well as the research progress in tumors， neurodegenerative diseases， and heart disease， in order to provide a theoretical framework for analyzing cell death regulatory networks and lay an important foundation for developing precise therapeutic strategies based on the balance regulation of autophagy and apoptosis.

Human papillomavirus （HPV） infection is associated with various diseases. This study aimed to prepare bivalent HPV pseudovirus， establish a neutralizing antibody detection system， and investigate the preparation method and neutralizing efficacy of yolk IgY antibodies. Eukaryotic expression plasmids of HPV16/18-L1/L2 were constructed by homologous recombination. Pseudovirus particles were prepared and observed under transmission electron microscopy. Yolk IgY antibodies were extracted， and a dual-color fluorescence detection system was established. The prepared HPV virus-like particles （VLPs） had a titer of 4.0×10? to 5.7×10? IU·mL^-1. Electron microscopy showed icosahedral symmetry with a diameter of 55 ± 5 nm， consistent with natural HPV. The neutralizing antibody detection system exhibited high specificity， with ID₅₀ values of 177 and 463 for HPV16 and HPV18 antibody standards， respectively， and no reaction was observed with negative serum. The dual-color and single-color fluorescence systems showed good agreement. After immunizing chickens with the pseudovirus， yolk IgY antibodies with approximately 90% purity were obtained. The neutralizing titers peaked at week 6 post-immunization， reaching 1∶5 424 for HPV16 and 1∶3 304 for HPV18. The successful preparation of HPV pseudovirus， establishment of the neutralizing antibody detection system， and production of yolk IgY antibodies provide important support for vaccine evaluation and development of novel antibody-based drugs.

The thioredoxin system represents a major antioxidant and redox regulatory system in biological systems， primarily composed of thioredoxin， thioredoxin reductase， and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate （NADPH）. This system plays a critical role in maintaining intracellular redox homeostasis， regulating signal transduction， and modulating cell proliferation and apoptosis. In recent years， extensive researches have elucidated the involvement of the thioredoxin system in the pathogenesis of various diseases， thereby offering novel therapeutic targets and strategies for related conditions. This review comprehensively examined the thioredoxin system-from its molecular architecture and mechanistic principles to its physiological and pathological functions- and evaluates its potential as a drug target. By also outlining future research avenues， it aims to deepen the mechanistic understanding of its pathophysiological roles and provide a foundation for innovating targeted therapies.