Virus titration is an important analytical method in the biopharmaceutical industry， which is widely used in the development and production of viral biological products， the validation of virus clearance and inactivation processes， and the detection of exogenous viruses to ensure the activity and effectiveness of viral biologics， as well as the viral safety of biological products. It is important to establish a fast， simple， and accurate method for the detection of virus titration. This article summarized the characteristics， principles and specific applications of the traditional， emerging and improved methods for detecting viral titer and compared their advantages and disadvantages. Some emerging methods， such as droplet digital PCR， viral quantitative capillary electrophoresis， in situ hybridization （ISH） assay with chemiluminescent detection， laser force cytology， etc.， have improved the shortcomings of traditional methods such as time-consuming and labor-intensive， poor repeatability， low accuracy， and large subjectivity of results， and have achieved the advantages of rapidity， sensitivity， high degree of automation， high precision， and more robust and objective results. However， some new methods are expensive or not widely used， and it is necessary to select the appropriate virus titration method according to the experimental purpose.

Aging is an irresistible natural change in the organisms over time， manifested by changes of the morphological structures， decline of physiological functions， and occurrence of many geriatric diseases. Spermidine， a natural polyamine， shows great potential in alleviating the aging process. Recent studies showed that spermidine could clean senescent cells， repair damaged tissues， reduce the occurrence of aging-related diseases by activating autophagy， clean damaged mitochondria， interfere the lipid metabolism and regulate cell cycles. The major synthesis processes in vivo and in vitro， molecular mechanisms to alleviate aging， and therapeutic roles in aging-related diseases of spermidine were systematically described in this review， in order to provide reference for the prognosis and clinical treatment of age-related diseases.

Given the time-consuming and technically demanding nature of commonly used methods such as specific PCR and strip tests for detecting transgenic plants， we hoped to explore a simplified and efficient method for identifying transgenic wheat throughout its entire growth cycle in field conditions. We optimized a leaf painting method using BASTA （glufosinate herbicide）， which is low-cost， straightforward， and suitable for large-scale screening of transgenic plants in wheat fields. Selecting transgenic wheat with BASTA resistance， we determined that a 200 mg·L^-1 BASTA solution effectively identified transgenic positive plants during both seedling and flowering stages in field environments. Additionally， we compared this method with Bar strip tests and specific PCR on 20 T₀ generation transgenic wheat plants. Results indicated that the BASTA leaf painting method correlated with the Bar strip test and covered the findings of specific PCR. Compared to traditional methods， the BASTA leaf painting method is cost-effective， efficient， operationally simple， and applicable throughout the entire growth cycle， making it particularly suitable for large-scale field screening of transgenic plants.

Virus-like particles （VLPs） are hollow particles containing one or more structural proteins of a certain virus. Structurally similar to intact viruses， they possess immunogenicity similar to that of intact viruses and could induce immune responses by activating antigen-presenting cells. Due to the absence of viral genomes， VLPs can be developed into safer and more cost-effective vaccine candidates. This article systematically elaborated on the classification， characterization， advantages， and expression systems of VLPs， reviewed the development history of VLP vaccines， and summarized the varieties of vaccines that have been approved for market use. At the same time， it introduced some preventive or therapeutic VLP vaccines that were currently under research and development， and explored new development strategies， further broadening the field of VLP vaccine research and development， and providing broader prospects for future research and application.

Antibiotic resistance has become one of the most critical threats to global health. The emergence of multi-drug resistant bacterial infections has led to increasingly high morbidity and mortality rates across medical， industrial， agricultural， and ecological domains. Phages can specifically lyse multi-drug resistant pathogens. However， due to their narrow host range， the presence of unfavorable genes in their genomes， and other limitations， only a limited number of phages have been successfully applied to combat multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. With editable and efficient features， phage genetic engineering provides a promising approach for expanding phage host ranges and designing "safe， green， and efficient" novel phages. This review systematically summarized recent advances in phage genetic engineering technologies while highlighting their practical applications in clinical therapies against drug-resistant infections， agricultural production， and ecological remediation. These insights established theoretical foundations for phage modification and their effective utilization in diverse fields.

Artemisia indica is used as a food ingredient in the folk， but there is a lack of systematic measurement and analysis of its nutritional components， active substances and heavy metal content. In this study， national standards and literature methods were used to determine the nutritional components， mineral elements， vitamins， amino acid composition， active substances and heavy metal content. The results showed that the descending order of nutritional components in Artemisia indica was： protein （31.62%）， carbohydrate （29.86%）， fiber （22.57%）， total sugar （20.94%）， ash （8.76%） and fat （7.42%）. It was rich in VK₁， VB₁， VB₂， VB₁₂ and folic acid， especially the content of VB₂ was as high as 1 mg·100 g^-1. There were many mineral elements such as Na， K， Ca， Zn， Mg， Mn， Fe， Cu and Se， of which K content was the highest， up to 28 747.71 mg·kg^-1. In terms of amino acid composition， the protein was rich in various amino acids， including 8 kinds of essential amino acids. The content of essential amino acids accounted for 40.13% of the total amino acids， and the functional amino acids accounted for 56.7%. The main active ingredients were triterpenoids and polysaccharides， with contents of 5.38% and 2.91%， respectively. The contents of Hg， Pb， Cr and As were all below the limits of national food safety standards except Cd. Therefore， Artemisia indica is a food resource with high protein， high fiber， low fat， rich mineral elements types， high content B-group vitamins， and active substances such as triterpenoids and polysaccharides. This results will provide a theoretical basis for further research and development of Artemisia indica.

After the infection of Agrobacterium rhizogenes， a large number of fast-growing adventitious roots were induced in plants， usually called hairy roots. Hairy roots were characterized by rapid growth， stable heredity， growth autonomously without the addition of exogenous hormones and synthesis of secondary metabolites. By optimizing the cultivation conditions， the goal of increasing the yield of secondary metabolites was achieved. The mechanism of hairy roots induced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes in plants was briefly explained in this paper. The influence factors of the synthesis of secondary metabolites in hairy roots and the application of hairy roots in the synthesis of secondary metabolites， environmental remediation， and plant regeneration in the past 5 years were emphatically introduced. The problems existing in the cultivation process of hairy roots were summarized， aiming to provide reference for the research and application in hairy roots.

Protein post-translational modifications （PTMs） play a crucial role in plant growth and development. They significantly impact plant growth， development， and the ability to adapt to environmental stresses by fine-tuning the structure， stability， and activity of proteins. While the lignin biosynthetic pathway and its upstream transcriptional regulation have been extensively investigated， research on PTMs in this context remains relatively limited. This review summarized the latest advancements in understanding the regulation of lignin biosynthesis by PTMs， particularly focusing on four significant types： phosphorylation， ubiquitination， glycosylation， and S-nitrosylation. It highlighted the regulatory mechanisms of these PTMs on key enzymes and transcription factors involved in lignin biosynthesis， aiming to enhance our comprehension of the regulatory networks governing lignin biosynthesis and provide valuable insights and references for the precise spatiotemporal modulation of this crucial process in plants.

The clinical success of antibody-drug conjugates （ADCs） has driven the rapid development of novel conjugate drugs， including radionuclide drug conjugates （RDCs）， peptide drug conjugates （PDCs）， and small molecule drug conjugates （SMDCs）. These drugs offer significant advantages in cancer treatment by integrating targeted delivery with efficient payload release and are progressively expanding into disease diagnosis and therapeutic areas beyond oncology. This article systematically reviewed the current landscape of conjugate drugs， coupling technologies， recent progress， and clinical translation， while exploring future directions in expanding indications， technological advancements， and integrated theranostic applications.

Marine Streptomyces are the source of the valuable lead compounds with medicinal biological activity due to their complex morphological differentiation cycle， which often accompanied by complex physiological changes. But most of the biosynthetic gene clusters of secondary metabolites in marine Streptomyces are “silent”. The article reviewed the methods for predicting the expression potential of “silent genes” and summarized the means of activating “silent genes”， including changing culture conditions， chemically inducing gene cluster expression and biological mediation， in order to provide new avenues for the mining of secondary metabolites in marine Streptomyces.

Aquatic products are one of the important sources of healthy food for human beings， which contain a large amount of high-quality protein， unsaturated fat acids and other important nutrients. However， the fishy smell of aquatic products limits their production and consumption. Therefore， understanding the composition and production pathways of fishy substances plays an important role in suppressing fishy odor and improving the competitiveness of aquatic products. The source of fishy smell of aquatic products includes absorption of volatile substances in the environment， lipid oxidation and decomposition of trimethylamine N-oxide， mainly including alcohols， aldehydes， amines， etc. The detection technology of fishy substances includes chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The deodorization technology of aquatic products mainly includes three categories： physical， chemical， and biological deodorization. This article reviewed the latest research progress in the mechanism， detection， and removal techniques of fishy substances in aquatic products， in order to provide reference for improving the quality of aquatic products and developing deodorants in China.

Plant polyphenols are a complex class of phenolic secondary metabolites with polyphenol structure in the plants， which can cope with oxidative damage caused by biotic and abiotic stresses. Therefore plant polyphenols play important roles in plant growth and development. Light has a crucial impact on plant growth and development and polyphenol synthesis， which mainly affects the synthesis of polyphenols by regulating metabolic pathway genes such as phenylpropanoid pathway. The paper briefly described the synthesis pathway of polyphenols， and summarized the effects of light on thesynthesis of polyphenols from three aspects： photoperiod， light intensity and light quality， aiming to provide theoretical basis for future research on the regulatory mechanisms of polyphenol production.

The occurrence and development of liver diseases are finely regulated by various cell types and their spatial organization patterns. Spatial transcriptomics （ST） can achieve spatial localization of gene expression at the tissue slice level and has become an important technique for analyzing liver tissue to reveal dynamic changes in the disease microenvironment. The review summarized the research progress of ST technology in various liver diseases， such as alcoholic fatty liver disease， liver fibrosis， and hepatocellular carcinoma， sorted out the applications in revealing tissue spatial heterogeneity， intercellular interactions， and dynamic changes， and analyzed the current bottlenecks and future development directions of the technology. The aim is to provide data foundation and theoretical support for biomarker discovery， targeted therapeutic design，and personalized treatment strategies for early diagnosis and intervention of liver diseases.

Lentinula edodes， as an important edible fungus in China， has a long history of cultivation. It is now widely used in the fields of food and medicine worldwide. Lentinula edodes is rich in bioactive polysaccharides， especially β-glucan. Since the discovery of the anticancer biological activity of lentinan in the 1970 s， the research on the activity of lentinan has never stopped. Studies have shown that lentinan possesses a variety of significant biological activities， including antioxidant， anti-tumor， anti-aging， anti-inflammatory， immunomodulatory， antiviral， hepatoprotective， and cholesterol-lowering effects. The isolation， purification， chemical properties， and biological activities of lentinan have always attracted close attention from scholars around the world. Based on the previous work， this article comprehensively summarized the latest research progress of lentinan， including the separation methods of lentinan and the impact of different separation methods on its structural activity， the relationship between structural characteristics and polysaccharide biological activity， and the mechanism of action of lentinan in exerting biological activity. The paper was expected to provide valuable information references for the further application of lentinan in the fields of medical treatment and functional foods.

Loss of aflR expression-A （LaeA） has been recognized as a crucial global regulatory factor in filamentous fungi， orchestrating the intricate balance of gene expression to govern either the developmental trajectory of strains or the synthesis and diversification of secondary metabolites. Recent advancements in bioinformatics analysis have unveiled numerous novel regulatory roles of LaeA. This review focused on elucidating the mechanisms and regulatory functions of LaeA， encompassing its structural-functional attributes and its modulation of fungal growth and secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Simultaneously， it explored the potential applications of LaeA in the fields such as drug development， agriculture， and industrial production， in order to provide reference and help in improving the yield and activity of secondary metabolites of filamentous fungi，and developing new marine drugs.

Under the dual pressures of global population growth and arable land decreasing， the sustainable development of agriculture is urgent. Biological control， by utilizing natural enemies， beneficial microorganisms， and other beneficial organisms to suppress pests and pathogens， demonstrates great potential and it is an effective approach in modern agricultural pest and disease management. This article outlined the importance of biological control in sustainable agriculture and its positive role in protecting biodiversity and the environment. It detailed the application of pest natural enemies， the use of beneficial microorganisms to control plant diseases， the development of antagonist bacteria screening techniques， and the application of omics and nanotechnology. Finally， several improvement strategies were proposed， aimed at providing valuable references and guidance for the research and practical application of biological control， thereby enhanced the understanding and application of biological control technologies and promoted the development of sustainable agriculture.

Fusarium verticillioides is a major pathogen responsible for maize ear and stalk rot， posing a serious threat to maize yield and quality. To investigate the gene function and improve frequency of gene knock-out in F. verticillioides， two key genes in the non-homologous end joining （NHEJ） pathway， FvKu70 and FvKu80， were individually knocked out. A comparative analysis was conducted on various aspects， including vegetative growth rate， colony morphology， conidiation， pathogenicity on maize， and knockout efficiency. The results showed that ΔFvKu70 and ΔFvKu80 had no significant differences in their morphological characteristics （mycelium morphology， vegetative growth rate， conidiation， and colony diameter） on the PDA plate. Moreover， they displayed similar pathogenicity in maize stalks compared to the wild-type strain FvLNF15-11. Notably， the frequency of homologous recombination was significantly higher in the deletion mutant strains of ΔFvKu70 and ΔFvKu80 compared to the wild type， and ΔFvKu70 exhibited the highest efficiency of homologous recombination. By successfully constructing ΔFvKu70 and ΔFvKu80 deletion mutants， it becomes feasible to rapidly and effectively achieve gene knockout mutants in F. verticillioides， thereby facilitating the study of key gene functions in this pathogen.

Tobacco is one of the most important cash crops， and bacterial wilt of tobacco causes a great loss to tobacco production. Therefore， a safe and effective method is needed to prevent the occurrence of tobacco bacterial wilt. In the previous study， it found that the soluble calcium fertilizer could effectively control tobacco bacterial wilt. When tobacco was planted in the field， the best combination was selected by applying different soil conditioner containing calcium and biocontrol bacteria. The quantity of Ralstonia solanacearum was quantified through fluorescence quantitative PCR. The composition and structure of microbial community in tobacco rhizosphere soil under different treatments were studied by high-throughput sequencing. Field experiments showed that the application of soil conditioner and biocontrol agent could effectively reduce the occurrence of tobacco bacterial wilt， but only ammonium calcium nitrate could compound with biocontrol bacteria GT11 better. The combination treatment decreased the quantity of bacterial wilt in soil， improved the composition and structure of microbial community in tobacco rhizosphere soil， and significantly reduced the incidence and disease index of tobacco bacterial wilt. The control effect in the field was up to 60%. The results showed that the combination of calcium ammonium nitrate and Bacillus velezensis GT11 could effectively control tobacco bacterial wilt， which provided a new idea and theoretical basis for tobacco production.

Chlorogenic acid （CGA） is a common phenolic compound found in plants， primarily sourced from coffee， tea， fruits， and vegetables. Although chlorogenic acid is synthesized via the phenylalanine metabolic pathway， its synthesis and regulatory mechanisms remain largely unclear. This review summarized key rate-limiting enzymes and transcription factors involved in chlorogenic acid biosynthesis， examines biological and non-biological factors affecting its content， and aimed to provide theoretical support and target genes for future regulation of chlorogenic acid synthesis in plants.

In order to improve the efficiency of cellulase production， the fermentation medium and culture conditions of Bacillus subtilis engineered strains C36， CM， KF and GH5 were optimized by single factor test and orthogonal test. The results showed that the enzyme production efficiency of engineered strains C36， CM， KF and GH5 was significantly improved under the optimal fermentation conditions. After optimizing the fermentation conditions， the cellulase activity of the engineered strain CM was the highest. Under the conditions of 7% of aged tobacco leaves， 0.8% of peptone， pH 6.1， fermentation temperature 37 ℃， rotation speed 220 r·min^-1， liquid medium volume 40 mL and fermentation for 96 h， the enzyme activities of carboxymethylcellulose （CMC） and filter paper activity （FPA） of the engineered strain CM were 504.95 and 222.11 U·mL^-1， respectively. After optimizing the fermentation conditions， the increase of cellulase activity of the engineered strain GH5 was the highest. Under the conditions of 6% of aged tobacco leaves， 0.9% of peptone， pH 6.1， fermentation temperature 37 ℃， rotation speed 220 r·min^-1， liquid medium volume 40 mL and fermentation for 96 h， the enzyme activities of CMC and FPA was 28.55 and 9.68 times higher than that before optimization.