Lycopene has powerful antioxidative ability, and can effectively reduce the incidence of cancer, angiocardiopathy and other diseases. Nowadays, lycopene becomes a hot topic in functional food and phamaceutical research. However, lycopene is easy to be degraded and isomerized, its poor stability has greatly limited the research and application of lycopene. This article reviews the molecular structure and physiological functions of lycopene, analyzes the relationship of lycopene and diseases, summarizes the progress of the lycopene stability research, and explores the feasibility to solve the technical problems of keeping the lycopene stability in applications.

Exosomes， natural extracellular vesicles measuring 30~150 nm in diameter， serve as critical carriers for intercellular communication. The bioactive molecules they carry， including proteins， nucleic acids and lipids， have made them a research hotspot in biomedicine. With the development of biotechnology， exosomes have shown great potential in the fields of disease diagnosis， drug delivery and tissue regeneration. This review systematically elaborated on the basic biological characteristics of exosomes， the latest breakthroughs in their engineering modification technologies （including genetic engineering， microfluidic technology and chemical modification）， and their innovative applications in cancer therapy， tissue repair and neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore， we conducted an in-depth analysis of the key challenges in clinical translation： large-scale production， targeting optimization and standardization. Finally， we looked forward to future directions such as artificial intelligence （AI）-assisted design， personalized medicine， and other future directions. Thanks to their unique biocompatibility and programmability， engineered exosomes are expected to serve as a "next-generation drug delivery platform"， providing a new paradigm for precision medicine and holding broad clinical application prospects.

Newcastle disease (ND) is one of the viral diseases of poultry, which can cause damage to nervous system, digestive system and respiratory system of poultry, with a mortality rate as high as 30%, which severely restricts poultry breeding. Therefore, it is of great economic significance to study ND. Rational use of vaccines is the main method to prevent and control Newcastle disease. Since 1950, live attenuated and inactivated Newcastle disease vaccines have been widely used, and then vector vaccines have entered the commercial application stage. In addition, the choice of vaccine adjuvant and the optimization of delivery route have also entered the researchers’ field of vision. Based on this situation, the research and development status and prospect of traditional vaccine, vector vaccine and virus-like particle vaccine for Newcastle disease  were analyzed, and the application progress of nanoparticles and new immune adjuvant in the research and development of Newcastle disease vaccine was introduced. Then the common commercial vaccines of Newcastle disease at home and abroad were summarized, aiming to provide references for developing more efficient and cheap Newcastle disease vaccine, and further control the spread of Newcastle disease epidemic.

The development of antibody drugs faces significant industrial challenges， including extended timelines （>3 years）， high costs （>$200 million） and difficulties in collaborative optimization of multiple attributes. Traditional methods such as hybridoma technology are limited by low throughput and inadequate global optimization capabilities. In recent years， deep learning （DL） has provided breakthrough solutions for the intelligent development of antibody drugs. This review systematically summarized the research progress of DL in antibody drug development， with a focus on exploring representative methods and technical challenges in core aspects such as antibody sequence design， structure prediction， affinity prediction and maturation， and multi-objective optimization. It also provides an outlook on future development， aiming to provide a reference for the transformation of antibody drug research and development towards intelligence and globalization.

Microbes， as indispensable components of ecosystems， such as bacteria and fungi existed in nearly all natural environments can produce secondary metabolites with varying chemical structures and ecological functions，which endowed the producing strains with ecological niche protection functions. The article reviewed the research progress on the adaptability of secondary metabolites to microorganisms in ecological environments， with a focus on their functions in microbial attack and defense， quorum sensing， interspecies cooperative pathogenicity， virulence， regulation of morphological differentiation， and resistance to ultraviolet radiation. The ecological functions of secondary metabolites in microbial interactions and nutrient acquisition processes， as well as their potential application value in agriculture and medicine， were summarized. It also proposes the use of specific ecological environment microbial resources to mine active secondary metabolites， which would help meet the demand for new compounds with high activity and low toxicity in agriculture and medical fields.

Nowadays， non-alcoholic fatty liver disease （NAFLD） has become an important research object of liver-related diseases， and the prevalence of NAFLD in China has been increasing year by year. However， the treatment options for NAFLD are still relatively limited， and traditional Chinese medicine has played an advantageous role in its treatment. In this experiment， forty healthy male mice were randomly divided into five groups of eight mice each： normal group， model group， low-dose group， medium-dose group， and high-dose group. The model of NAFLD was prepared by high-fat feeding for 35 days according to the improved modeling method， except for the normal group. From day 36 onwards， the low-dose， medium-dose and high-dose groups （60， 80， 100 mg·kg^-1） were gavaged with geraniol dissolved in saline， and the rest of the groups were gavaged with saline according to the formula of gavage volume. After 16 days of administration， triglyceride （TG）， total cholesterol （TC）， high-density lipoprotein （HDL）， low-density lipoprotein （LDL） indexes were tested， and the livers of the mice were removed to prepare pathological sections. The experimental results showed that the middle and high doses of puerarin had a more significant lowering effect on the lipid-related indexes （TC， TG， LDL） of the NAFLD model mice， and the effect of the high dose of puerarin in lowering TG was more obvious （P<0.01）. The experimental results suggested that puerarin may have a certain protective effect on NAFLD in mice.

Protein post-translational modifications （PTMs） play a crucial role in plant growth and development. They significantly impact plant growth， development， and the ability to adapt to environmental stresses by fine-tuning the structure， stability， and activity of proteins. While the lignin biosynthetic pathway and its upstream transcriptional regulation have been extensively investigated， research on PTMs in this context remains relatively limited. This review summarized the latest advancements in understanding the regulation of lignin biosynthesis by PTMs， particularly focusing on four significant types： phosphorylation， ubiquitination， glycosylation， and S-nitrosylation. It highlighted the regulatory mechanisms of these PTMs on key enzymes and transcription factors involved in lignin biosynthesis， aiming to enhance our comprehension of the regulatory networks governing lignin biosynthesis and provide valuable insights and references for the precise spatiotemporal modulation of this crucial process in plants.

Salmon and trout are typical cold water fishes with high economic value and broad market prospect， and they are one of the important economic fishes in the world. In recent years， salmon and trout farming in China has been developing vigorously， with the increasing output and scale， and the continuous innovation of farming mode. At the same time， the outbreak of epidemic diseases of salmon and trout has become increasingly frequent everywhere， and there is still a big gap between the disease prevention and control system in China and those in major producing countries such as Norway and Chile， which seriously restricts the healthy development of the industry. Based on this， the research results on the symptoms and conditions of the main epidemic diseases of salmon and trout caused by bacteria， viruses and other pathogens were summarized， the corresponding diagnostic techniques were systematically introduced， and the domestic immune prevention and control measures of salmon and trout was focused on， in order to provide researchers with systematic basic knowledge， common detection techniques and immune prevention and control measures of common epidemic diseases of salmon and trout， and provide reference for practitioners and researchers to prevent and control salmon and trout diseases.

The occurrence and development of liver diseases are finely regulated by various cell types and their spatial organization patterns. Spatial transcriptomics （ST） can achieve spatial localization of gene expression at the tissue slice level and has become an important technique for analyzing liver tissue to reveal dynamic changes in the disease microenvironment. The review summarized the research progress of ST technology in various liver diseases， such as alcoholic fatty liver disease， liver fibrosis， and hepatocellular carcinoma， sorted out the applications in revealing tissue spatial heterogeneity， intercellular interactions， and dynamic changes， and analyzed the current bottlenecks and future development directions of the technology. The aim is to provide data foundation and theoretical support for biomarker discovery， targeted therapeutic design，and personalized treatment strategies for early diagnosis and intervention of liver diseases.

Osteoporosis （OP） is a metabolic bone disease characterized by reduced bone mass and deterioration of bone microarchitecture. An imbalance in bone remodeling represents the core pathological basis of OP， with oxidative stress playing a critical role in disrupting bone homeostasis and contributing to the development and progression of the disease. This article provided a systematic review of the structure and function of Nrf2， the biological effects of oxidative stress， and their interplay in the pathological mechanisms of OP. It is expected to promote future research combining single-cell omics， gene editing， and clinical translation， deepen the understanding of the regulatory mechanism of Nrf2， and promote the development of OP diagnosis and treatment technologies targeting Nrf2.

Under the dual pressures of global population growth and arable land decreasing， the sustainable development of agriculture is urgent. Biological control， by utilizing natural enemies， beneficial microorganisms， and other beneficial organisms to suppress pests and pathogens， demonstrates great potential and it is an effective approach in modern agricultural pest and disease management. This article outlined the importance of biological control in sustainable agriculture and its positive role in protecting biodiversity and the environment. It detailed the application of pest natural enemies， the use of beneficial microorganisms to control plant diseases， the development of antagonist bacteria screening techniques， and the application of omics and nanotechnology. Finally， several improvement strategies were proposed， aimed at providing valuable references and guidance for the research and practical application of biological control， thereby enhanced the understanding and application of biological control technologies and promoted the development of sustainable agriculture.

Using microbial whole cells as sensing element, the whole-cell biosensor can rapidly detect the total toxicity and pollutants in the environment. Due to the advantage of whole-cell biosensor, such as fast response, small size, low cost and in situ monitoring, it shows great potential in the field of environmental monitoring, drug research and development, food industry and so on. The principle, classification of the whole-cell biosensor and its application progress in environmental pollutants monitoring were summarized, and the future development trend was prospected in order to provide references for the development and utilization of the whole-cell biosensor.

Biological enzyme and microorganism technology play significant roles in tobacco fermentation. The utilization of bio-enzymes and microorganisms to improve the quality and aroma of tobacco has become the focus of tobacco industry. Treating tobacco with bio-enzyme preparation can degrade biomolecules such as protein， pectin and cellulose in tobacco to proteins， pectins， cellulose and other biological macromolecules in tobacco， thus improving the quality and aroma of tobacco. Using microorganisms to ferment tobacco can adjust and improve the proportion of chemical components and increase the formation of aroma substances in tobacco. The application and progress of the technology of bio-enzyme and microbial technology during tobacco flavor production and fermentation， and the mechanism of tobacco fermentation and aroma enhancement techonolgy， were reviewed，especially expatiated on the microbes and enzymes improve tobacco aroma， improving the quality of tobacco leaves， and degradation of protein， starch， pectin， cellulose and other macromolecules substances in tobacco leaves. The problems in practical application of the microbes and enzymes were analysed， so as to provide a theoretical basis for the use of bio-enzymes and microorganism technology to improve tobacco aroma in the future.

Microalgae, with ability to fix CO2 and purify organic wastewater, has attracted much attention in the fields of environmental protection, food and feed (bait), medicine and bio-energy development, etc. However, large-scale cultivation and its industrialization are still the difficulties to be solved urgently. In this paper, the characteristics and structures of photobioreactors, which are often used for large-scale cultivation of microalgae, were reviewed. The closed microalgae photobioreactor can preferably regulate the cultivation conditions of algae species, and is not easy to be polluted. The purity of algae species is easy to be controlled, but the cultivation scale is small and the production cost is high. However, open-type microalgae photobioreactor cannot control the growth environment of algae species accurately, but it is widely used because of its large production scale, high yield and low production cost. The best method is to integrated the two advantages, first, use the closed decay algae bioreactors for pilot light amplifier, a large number of reproductive effects, and then put into open decay algal light bioreactors for large-scale commercial production. The method is hopeful to be micro algae light bioreactors development direction. This paper was expected to provide reference for micro algae large-scale cultivation.

Selenium(Se) is an important trace element for human health. The paper summarized the advances of Se metabolism and nutrition in human, covering selenium in food and absorption, concentration and distribution in human body, selenium metabolism pathway, biological activated form disease, selenium toxicity and safe daily selenium intake. On this base, Se intake research based on synthetic evaluation including distribution of selenium resources and Se reaction disease, dietary structure in china was suggested for further theoretical and practical guidance on disease control and prevention through selenium supplement.

Coumarin compounds are widely distributed in a variety of higher plants and microbial metabolites, which have shown antibacterial, antiviral, anti-coagulation, smooth muscle relaxation, ultraviolet absorption and anti-radiationactivities. Over the past ten years, there has been a growing interest in antimicrobial activity of the natural and synthetic coumarins. The paper summerized the research on coumarins from recent years, reviewed the documents on structure and antimicrobial activities of coumarin, which was expected to lay the foundation for their development and clinical rational application.

Triple-negative breast cancer exhibits metabolic reprogramming characteristics， with abnormal activation of the glycolytic pathway being one of its key features. As the end product of glycolysis， lactate functions as a signaling molecule between cells， organs， and tissues， thereby promoting tumor invasion and metastasis. Recent studies have revealed a novel biological function of lactate： it serves as a substrate for a novel post-translational modification termed "lactylation". Consequently， this study explored the role of lactylation-related genes in triple-negative breast cancer. Transcriptome data and corresponding clinical information from 151 triple-negative breast cancer samples and 113 adjacent normal samples were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas （TCGA）. Differential analysis， pathway enrichment， univariate， and multivariate Cox analyses identified lactylation-associated prognostic genes. A prognostic model incorporating lactylation-related genes was constructed using the TCGA-TNBC training cohort and validation was performed using the GSE21653， GSE58812， and METABRIC-TNBC cohorts. Samples were stratified into high- and low-lactylation risk groups based on lactylation risk scores. Survival analysis， receiver operating characteristic curves， and scatter plots further validated model performance， with additional analysis exploring associations between the model and immune cell infiltration/drug sensitivity. The results showed that a prognostic model based on four lactylation-related genes has good predictive ability for triple-negative breast cancer patients. At the same time， patients in the high- and low-lactylation risk groups exhibited significant differences in tumor immune microenvironment infiltration characteristics and drug response sensitivity. This finding suggests that lactylation-related genes may have potential as novel molecular biomarkers and therapeutic targets for triple-negative breast cancer.

The thioredoxin system represents a major antioxidant and redox regulatory system in biological systems， primarily composed of thioredoxin， thioredoxin reductase， and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate （NADPH）. This system plays a critical role in maintaining intracellular redox homeostasis， regulating signal transduction， and modulating cell proliferation and apoptosis. In recent years， extensive researches have elucidated the involvement of the thioredoxin system in the pathogenesis of various diseases， thereby offering novel therapeutic targets and strategies for related conditions. This review comprehensively examined the thioredoxin system-from its molecular architecture and mechanistic principles to its physiological and pathological functions- and evaluates its potential as a drug target. By also outlining future research avenues， it aims to deepen the mechanistic understanding of its pathophysiological roles and provide a foundation for innovating targeted therapies.

Social hierarchy determines the allocation of resources within an animal population， reduces unnecessary fighting between populations， and plays an important role in the survival and reproduction of animals. Studying the social hierarchy has important theoretical significance and applied values for improving the production of shrimps and crabs in aquaculture， but there have been no in-depth reports yet. This paper summarized the types of social hierarchy of shrimps and crabs， and further reviewed the internal and external factors affecting the formation of social hierarchy and the behavioral changes of shrimps and crabs affected by social hierarchy and the mechanism of pheromone， as well as chemical communication in social behavior. Meanwhile， prospects were made for future research on social hierarchy of shrimps and crabs， aiming to provide a reference for in-depth exploration of the biological traits of shrimps and crabs in aquaculture.

Fusarium head blight （FHB） caused by Fusarium species complex is an important disease of wheat， and its resistance mechanism is complicated. Accurate and reliable phenotyping methods are the premise of genetic improvement of disease resistance. In this paper， we reviewed the resistance types of Fusarium head blight and the advantages and disadvantages of different phenotyping methods， and we also addressed the congruity between resistance types and phenotyping methods. We hope the opinions would be helpful in phenotypic evaluation of different FHB resistance types and genetic improvement of FHB resistance levels in wheat.