Osteoarthritis （OA） is a degenerative joint disease with cartilage degeneration， osteosclerosis， and chronic synovial inflammation as the main clinical features. In the pathological changes of osteoarthritis， abnormal lipid metabolism is closely related to the degenerative changes of cartilage and bone. After the activation of adenosine monophosphate?activated protein kinase （AMPK）， which can regulate the lipid metabolism of chondrocytes by regulating the key enzymes of fatty acid synthesis carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1（CPT?1）， medium chain acyl?CoA dehydrogenase （MCAD） and chondrocyte autophagy to delay the development of OA. Peroxisomal proliferator?activated receptor γ （PPARγ） and peroxisomal proliferator?activated receptor γ coactivator 1α （PGC?1α） also have similar physiological functions.The activation and interaction of AMPK and silencing information regulator 1 （SIRT1） can mediate the signal transduction and physiological functions of PPARγ and PGC?1α. This paper summarized the role of AMPK/SIRT1/PPARγ/PGC1α axis in the pathogenesis of OA， which was expected to provide reference for therapy and prevention research of OA.

Biological enzyme and microorganism technology play significant roles in tobacco fermentation. The utilization of bio-enzymes and microorganisms to improve the quality and aroma of tobacco has become the focus of tobacco industry. Treating tobacco with bio-enzyme preparation can degrade biomolecules such as protein， pectin and cellulose in tobacco to proteins， pectins， cellulose and other biological macromolecules in tobacco， thus improving the quality and aroma of tobacco. Using microorganisms to ferment tobacco can adjust and improve the proportion of chemical components and increase the formation of aroma substances in tobacco. The application and progress of the technology of bio-enzyme and microbial technology during tobacco flavor production and fermentation， and the mechanism of tobacco fermentation and aroma enhancement techonolgy， were reviewed，especially expatiated on the microbes and enzymes improve tobacco aroma， improving the quality of tobacco leaves， and degradation of protein， starch， pectin， cellulose and other macromolecules substances in tobacco leaves. The problems in practical application of the microbes and enzymes were analysed， so as to provide a theoretical basis for the use of bio-enzymes and microorganism technology to improve tobacco aroma in the future.

Marine oligosaccharides are prepared by the degradation from marine polysaccharides with mild acids, glycosides and other methods. They have the characteristics of abundant sources, novel structure, small molecular weight and diverse types. They exhibit a variety of biological activities, such as anti-tumor, anti-oxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-viral activities, etc. Therefore, they are widely used in food, medicine, health products and cosmetics, and have great development potential. In order to timely understand the research progress, promote the application and development of marine oligosaccharides. The research progress of marine oligosaccharides and their derivatives biological activities, such as immunomodulatory, anti-tumor, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-oxidant, anti-radiation, anti-coagulant, anti-diabetes and regulation of the gut microbiota, were summarized, which was expected to provide references for the further research and development of marine oligosaccharides.

Anthocyanin, which existed widely in higher plants, is a water soluble plant pigment, and closely related to crop quality traits. Its biosynthetic pathway and the mechanism of related regulation proteins interaction was found in recent years with the further study of the mutants of Arabidopsis. The research of anthocyanins in flowers, fruits and seeds is always the hot spot. Recently there are many research reported, its deepening research can provide scientific basis for health care, and help us to use in many fields. Here we give reviews on the study status of plant anthocyanin biosynthetic genes, including plant anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway, the regulation of transcription factors in biosynthetic pathway, and the regulatory genes which have been separated and cloned.

Given the time-consuming and technically demanding nature of commonly used methods such as specific PCR and strip tests for detecting transgenic plants， we hoped to explore a simplified and efficient method for identifying transgenic wheat throughout its entire growth cycle in field conditions. We optimized a leaf painting method using BASTA （glufosinate herbicide）， which is low-cost， straightforward， and suitable for large-scale screening of transgenic plants in wheat fields. Selecting transgenic wheat with BASTA resistance， we determined that a 200 mg·L^-1 BASTA solution effectively identified transgenic positive plants during both seedling and flowering stages in field environments. Additionally， we compared this method with Bar strip tests and specific PCR on 20 T₀ generation transgenic wheat plants. Results indicated that the BASTA leaf painting method correlated with the Bar strip test and covered the findings of specific PCR. Compared to traditional methods， the BASTA leaf painting method is cost-effective， efficient， operationally simple， and applicable throughout the entire growth cycle， making it particularly suitable for large-scale field screening of transgenic plants.

Nitrogen is an essential element for plant growth. Plant endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacteria can not only produce nitrogen in the plant body for plant utilization， but also play an active role in the natural nitrogen cycle， which has important significance for the sustainable development of agriculture. The research on endogenous nitrogen-fixing bacteria has gradually become research hotspot in recent years. This article systematically reviewed the research progress of plant endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacteria from many aspects， such as the discovery of plant endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacteria， crop symbiosis， invasion pathways， nitrogen-fixing mechanism， and growth-promoting mechanism. In addition， new research ideas of plant endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacteria and some unresolved problems were discussed. This paper was expected to provide reference for research on plant endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacteria and biological nitrogen fixation.

With the development of second-generation DNA sequencing technology， a large amount of gut microbiota data has been accumulated. The studies showed that gut microbiota were closely related to the health status of the host. Therefore how to model and analyze the complex and high-dimensional gut microbiota data has been an important challenge faced by bioinformatics at present. The rise of artificial intelligence had made it possible to process gut microbiota data and revealed the complex relationship between gut microbiota and host phenotypes. The paper summarized the present stage of gut microbiota and phenotypic correlation study among five kinds of machine learning algorithm （commonly used linear regression， support vector machine （SVM）， K-nearest neighbor， random forests and artificial neural network）， introduced five kinds of machine learning algorithms of theory and application in the related research， and to choose what kind of machine learning algorithms to predict recommendations to host phenotype. Finally， the future development of this field was prospected to provide a reference for predicting host phenotypes using machine learning based on gut microbiota data.

Aging is an irresistible natural change in the organisms over time， manifested by changes of the morphological structures， decline of physiological functions， and occurrence of many geriatric diseases. Spermidine， a natural polyamine， shows great potential in alleviating the aging process. Recent studies showed that spermidine could clean senescent cells， repair damaged tissues， reduce the occurrence of aging-related diseases by activating autophagy， clean damaged mitochondria， interfere the lipid metabolism and regulate cell cycles. The major synthesis processes in vivo and in vitro， molecular mechanisms to alleviate aging， and therapeutic roles in aging-related diseases of spermidine were systematically described in this review， in order to provide reference for the prognosis and clinical treatment of age-related diseases.

With the rapid development of biotechnology， the technology of food fermentation engineering， which is the main component of food bioengineering， is continuously upgraded. In addition to the improvement of the strains， fermentation process and product quality of traditional fermented foods， bio?manufactured functional food ingredients and new products like future foods have also emerged with the upgraded food fermentation industry. This review first outlined the multi?level changes in the research methods and manufacturing modes of fermented food brought about by the advancement of biotechnology and information technology， then elaborated the approaches and methods of using food synthetic biology to design and build cell factories， as well as the intellectualization progress of food bioengineering， specifically in microbial analysis， process engineering and separation engineering. Furthermore， we introduced the advances of applying modern food bioengineering technology on improving the quality and safety of traditional fermented foods， producing functional food components， preparing food additives and enzymes， creating future foods， and developing new probiotic foods. Finally， the global and domestic challenges in food fermentation industry were summarized， and the future development trends were prospected， which provided references for the technological innovation and industrial application of food fermentation.

Antibiotic resistance has become one of the most critical threats to global health. The emergence of multi-drug resistant bacterial infections has led to increasingly high morbidity and mortality rates across medical， industrial， agricultural， and ecological domains. Phages can specifically lyse multi-drug resistant pathogens. However， due to their narrow host range， the presence of unfavorable genes in their genomes， and other limitations， only a limited number of phages have been successfully applied to combat multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. With editable and efficient features， phage genetic engineering provides a promising approach for expanding phage host ranges and designing "safe， green， and efficient" novel phages. This review systematically summarized recent advances in phage genetic engineering technologies while highlighting their practical applications in clinical therapies against drug-resistant infections， agricultural production， and ecological remediation. These insights established theoretical foundations for phage modification and their effective utilization in diverse fields.

As an important nutrient element that participate in the activities of life, selenium (Se) has general prevention and anti-cancer effects. So far, variety opinions were concluded on Se anti-tumor mechanism. This paper reviewed the progress on anti-tumor effects and mechanisms of Se, and highlighted the latest study founding, that sodium selenite exposure could occur selenite reduction to elemental Se, and combined with intracellular protein for self-assembly of Se nanoparticles within the tumor cells. The results well explained the multiple toxicology effect of Se with large dose and the enhanced inhibition effect to radiation and chemotherapy tolerance tumors. The further study of the Se nanoparticles in tumor cells/tissues will reveal the underlying anti-tumor mechanisms of Se, and form an unified understanding of Se anti-tumor mechanisms.

Lycopene has powerful antioxidative ability, and can effectively reduce the incidence of cancer, angiocardiopathy and other diseases. Nowadays, lycopene becomes a hot topic in functional food and phamaceutical research. However, lycopene is easy to be degraded and isomerized, its poor stability has greatly limited the research and application of lycopene. This article reviews the molecular structure and physiological functions of lycopene, analyzes the relationship of lycopene and diseases, summarizes the progress of the lycopene stability research, and explores the feasibility to solve the technical problems of keeping the lycopene stability in applications.

Artemisia indica is used as a food ingredient in the folk， but there is a lack of systematic measurement and analysis of its nutritional components， active substances and heavy metal content. In this study， national standards and literature methods were used to determine the nutritional components， mineral elements， vitamins， amino acid composition， active substances and heavy metal content. The results showed that the descending order of nutritional components in Artemisia indica was： protein （31.62%）， carbohydrate （29.86%）， fiber （22.57%）， total sugar （20.94%）， ash （8.76%） and fat （7.42%）. It was rich in VK₁， VB₁， VB₂， VB₁₂ and folic acid， especially the content of VB₂ was as high as 1 mg·100 g^-1. There were many mineral elements such as Na， K， Ca， Zn， Mg， Mn， Fe， Cu and Se， of which K content was the highest， up to 28 747.71 mg·kg^-1. In terms of amino acid composition， the protein was rich in various amino acids， including 8 kinds of essential amino acids. The content of essential amino acids accounted for 40.13% of the total amino acids， and the functional amino acids accounted for 56.7%. The main active ingredients were triterpenoids and polysaccharides， with contents of 5.38% and 2.91%， respectively. The contents of Hg， Pb， Cr and As were all below the limits of national food safety standards except Cd. Therefore， Artemisia indica is a food resource with high protein， high fiber， low fat， rich mineral elements types， high content B-group vitamins， and active substances such as triterpenoids and polysaccharides. This results will provide a theoretical basis for further research and development of Artemisia indica.

The research on food additives mainly is focusing on three areas, i.e. development of novel natural safe food additives, application of new technologies on the preparation of food additives and detection analysis of food additives. The current status, development trend and several highly concerned topics in food additives were briefly introduced and discussed. And the distribution of the projects about food additives approved by NSFC over the past 2 years was analyzed. Among all these projects about food additives, the research about novel natural food additives has been paid the relatively high attention to, and the research about the application of biotechnology on preparation of food additives has been highlighted this year. In summary, the funding support by NSFC in this discipline is in line with the development trend of food additives.

The clinical success of antibody-drug conjugates （ADCs） has driven the rapid development of novel conjugate drugs， including radionuclide drug conjugates （RDCs）， peptide drug conjugates （PDCs）， and small molecule drug conjugates （SMDCs）. These drugs offer significant advantages in cancer treatment by integrating targeted delivery with efficient payload release and are progressively expanding into disease diagnosis and therapeutic areas beyond oncology. This article systematically reviewed the current landscape of conjugate drugs， coupling technologies， recent progress， and clinical translation， while exploring future directions in expanding indications， technological advancements， and integrated theranostic applications.

Polysaccharides have received much attention with respect to their biological functions such as immuactivity, anti-tumor and antioxidant. On the basis of analysis on the references about polysaccharides, this paper summarized the effect of molecule side chain, molecular weight, molecular modified, solution, metal ion, temperature, pH and ultrahigh pressure on conformation, analyzed the relationship of flexibility helix form of molecule chain to bioactivity, and proposed the scientific problems and the development tendency of relationship of polysaccharide molecular chain comformation changes and bioactivities.

Marine Streptomyces are the source of the valuable lead compounds with medicinal biological activity due to their complex morphological differentiation cycle， which often accompanied by complex physiological changes. But most of the biosynthetic gene clusters of secondary metabolites in marine Streptomyces are “silent”. The article reviewed the methods for predicting the expression potential of “silent genes” and summarized the means of activating “silent genes”， including changing culture conditions， chemically inducing gene cluster expression and biological mediation， in order to provide new avenues for the mining of secondary metabolites in marine Streptomyces.

Aquatic products are one of the important sources of healthy food for human beings， which contain a large amount of high-quality protein， unsaturated fat acids and other important nutrients. However， the fishy smell of aquatic products limits their production and consumption. Therefore， understanding the composition and production pathways of fishy substances plays an important role in suppressing fishy odor and improving the competitiveness of aquatic products. The source of fishy smell of aquatic products includes absorption of volatile substances in the environment， lipid oxidation and decomposition of trimethylamine N-oxide， mainly including alcohols， aldehydes， amines， etc. The detection technology of fishy substances includes chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The deodorization technology of aquatic products mainly includes three categories： physical， chemical， and biological deodorization. This article reviewed the latest research progress in the mechanism， detection， and removal techniques of fishy substances in aquatic products， in order to provide reference for improving the quality of aquatic products and developing deodorants in China.

Virus titration is an important analytical method in the biopharmaceutical industry， which is widely used in the development and production of viral biological products， the validation of virus clearance and inactivation processes， and the detection of exogenous viruses to ensure the activity and effectiveness of viral biologics， as well as the viral safety of biological products. It is important to establish a fast， simple， and accurate method for the detection of virus titration. This article summarized the characteristics， principles and specific applications of the traditional， emerging and improved methods for detecting viral titer and compared their advantages and disadvantages. Some emerging methods， such as droplet digital PCR， viral quantitative capillary electrophoresis， in situ hybridization （ISH） assay with chemiluminescent detection， laser force cytology， etc.， have improved the shortcomings of traditional methods such as time-consuming and labor-intensive， poor repeatability， low accuracy， and large subjectivity of results， and have achieved the advantages of rapidity， sensitivity， high degree of automation， high precision， and more robust and objective results. However， some new methods are expensive or not widely used， and it is necessary to select the appropriate virus titration method according to the experimental purpose.

Newcastle disease (ND) is one of the viral diseases of poultry, which can cause damage to nervous system, digestive system and respiratory system of poultry, with a mortality rate as high as 30%, which severely restricts poultry breeding. Therefore, it is of great economic significance to study ND. Rational use of vaccines is the main method to prevent and control Newcastle disease. Since 1950, live attenuated and inactivated Newcastle disease vaccines have been widely used, and then vector vaccines have entered the commercial application stage. In addition, the choice of vaccine adjuvant and the optimization of delivery route have also entered the researchers’ field of vision. Based on this situation, the research and development status and prospect of traditional vaccine, vector vaccine and virus-like particle vaccine for Newcastle disease  were analyzed, and the application progress of nanoparticles and new immune adjuvant in the research and development of Newcastle disease vaccine was introduced. Then the common commercial vaccines of Newcastle disease at home and abroad were summarized, aiming to provide references for developing more efficient and cheap Newcastle disease vaccine, and further control the spread of Newcastle disease epidemic.