Spermidine （Spd） is a type of trimethylamine metabolite widely present in living organisms. However， the abundance of Spd in natural biological systems is extremely low and traditional chemical synthesis methods are cumbersome and environmentally burden some， making it difficult for existing production mode to meet the increasing market demand. This review systematically summarized the biosynthesis mechanism of spermidine， with a focus on analyzing three pathways of spermidine synthesis， including the classical spermidine synthase spermidine synthase （SPDS） pathway， the synthesis pathway based on carboxyaminopropylagmatine （CAPA）， and the pathway based on L-aspartate-4-semialdehyde （L-Asa）. The differences in key pathway enzymes， the distribution of precursor substance metabolic flow， and the efficiency of transmembrane transport were explored， and the research progress of metabolic engineering and enzyme engineering strategies in optimizing the spermidine pathway was summarized. The bottleneck problems existing in the current spermidine biosynthesis system were analyzed， aiming to provide theoretical support and technical references for constructing high-yield cell factories and promoting the industrialized biological manufacturing of spermidine.
Plant-derived bioreactors which produce pharmaceutical and industrial bioproducts utilizing transgenic technology represent one of the fastest-growing categories of biotechnological products in research and application. Plants are increasingly employed as biofactories to produce high-quality biopharmaceuticals， including antibodies， vaccines， therapeutic proteins， hormones， and cytokines， along with bioproducts for cosmetics， food， and the chemical industry. These products serve as medicines and biomaterials in pharmaceutical and industrial sectors. This article explored the significant potential of transgenic plants as production platforms， reviewed recent research advances in plant-derived bioproducts， and highlighted their multifunctional applications across diverse fields such as medicine， industry， and agriculture. It also examined the safety evaluation frameworks and regulatory policies governing such plants in regions including the United States and the European Union. This review aimed to provide insights for enhancing safety assessment and regulation of medicinal and industrial transgenic plants in China.
Chlorogenic acid （CGA） is the most abundant polyphenolic compound in tobacco leaves， playing a crucial role in tobacco growth and development as well as cigarette smoke quality. It can serve as a key indicator to evaluate tobacco leaf quality. The biosynthesis and regulation mechanisms of CGA in tobacco have long been the focus of attention among tobacco researchers， while studies on the biological activities of CGA have also extended to fields including medicine， healthcare， and food science. This paper comprehensively reviewed the synthesis pathway， biological activities， and applications of CGA in tobacco， along with the factors influencing CGA biosynthesis in tobacco and the key enzyme genes involved in its synthesis pathway. The aim of this review was to provide a theoretical foundation for the in-depth research， development， and application of CGA metabolic regulation and biological activities in tobacco and other plants.
To study the pollution status and ecological safety of organophosphate insecticides （OPs） along the inflow routes to Taihu Lake Basin， water， suspended particulates （SPM） and sediment samples were collected from the watershed during the abundant and dry seasons， and the GC method was used to detect the types and contents of OPs， analyze the seasonal distribution patterns， partition coefficients， and potential sources of contamination， and then assess the ecological risks. Phoxim （PHO）， dichlorvos （DDVP）， dimethoate （DMT） and fenitrothion （MEP） were detected in water， SPM and sediment samples. In the water samples， the concentrations of PHO， DMT and DDVP were relatively high and they accounted for a larger proportion， while MEP was relatively less. The Kd1 and Kd2 of Σ4OPs were 0.44~1.32 L·g-1 and 2.97~6.88 L·g-1 respectively during the abundant water period， and 0.34~1.40 L·g-1 and 2.85~7.43 L·g-1 respectively during the depleted water period， which indicated that the distributions of the OPs were relatively stable in the water samples， SPM samples and the sediments. To sum up， the water along the the Taihu Lake basin has been polluted by organophosphorus pesticides. The discharge of industrial and agricultural wastewater may be the main source of OPs along the Taihu Lake basin， and the two OPs pollutants DMT and MEP have potential ecological risks to the main rivers along the Tongji River in Zhenjiang City.
White poplar （Populus sect. Leuce） is an important poplar species widely cultivated in China. However， most of its varieties exhibit difficulties in cutting rooting， which limits the application of superior white poplar clones in breeding and the large-scale propagation of high-quality cultivars. Root suckers， characterized by rapid growth and high survival rates， have become a key technique for clonal propagation and afforestation of elite white poplar varieties. Currently， the molecular mechanism of root sucker formation in poplars remains not to be clarified. This review systematically summarized the morphological characteristics of root sucker formation in poplars and the factors influencing this process， and explored potential molecular signaling pathways and gene regulatory networks involved in root sucker initiation. The article not only provided theoretical support for developing precision cultivation and management strategies to enhance the efficiency of clonal propagation via root suckers， but also offered novel insights into the molecular regulatory mechanisms of root sucker formation， which is of great significance for advancing forest genetic improvement and the breeding of superior tree varieties.
The field-effect transistor （FET） biosensor is a type of sensor based on the principle of detecting biomolecules or biomarkers. Due to the signal amplification characteristics of its electric field effect， it enables the detection of biomolecular interactions at extremely low concentrations， further enabling biomolecular recognition. In the field of nucleic acid detection， this approach offers the unique advantage of eliminating the need for nucleic acid amplification， resulting in shorter detection times. Additionally， FET biosensors also excel in nucleic acid detection performance， portability， and cost-effectiveness. Overall， FET biosensors can achieve ultra-rapid and ultra-sensitive targeted identification of viral genes. Combined with microfluidic technology， nanomaterials， or flexible electronic materials， they hold significant promise for application in food safety， clinical diagnosis， genotyping， biosafety， and other fields. To facilitate the better application of FET sensors in biological detection， this review summarized the current applications of FET biosensors in nucleic acid detection and provided a classification and discussion based on the biological recognition layer， aiming to offer insights for future research in this area.
To investigate the essential oil content and compositional characteristics of different peppermint varieties， 25 collected peppermint varieties resources were analyzed. The experiment utilized steam distillation to extraet peppermint essenitial oil， and analyzed components using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS）. The study compared the content and group characteristics of bioactive chemical constituents across these varieties. Results revealed that the oil content of 24 peppermint varieties ranged from 0.03% to 1.52%， with Gold Mint showing the highest content （1.52%）. A total of 53 volatile components were identified in 22 essential oils， with alcohols and terpenes universally present. Menthol was the predominant alcohol， reaching 76.45% in Gold Mint， while esters such as linalyl acetate （48.66% in Japanese Mint） were secondary major components. Terpene compounds， including β?-caryophyllene， germacrene D， limonene， and 1，8-cineole， were detected in 21 varieties. Variations in essential oil composition were observed among peppermint resources， yet these differences showed no correlation with genetic relatedness. Gold Mint emerged as the variety with both high oil yield and superior quality. This study clarifies the biological traits and essential oil profiles of peppermint， providing a scientific foundation for its utilization in essential oil applications.
Soybean meal serves as an important plant protein source widely utilized in feed and food industries. However， the presence of anti-nutritional factors （such as antigenic protein and non-starch polysaccharides） limits its nutritional value. Enzymatic hydrolysis has emerged as a novel in vitro pretreatment method to enhance the nutritional quality of soybean meal， with commonly used enzymes including proteases， cellulases， and galactosidases. The review systematically summarzied the types of anti nutritional factor in soybean meal， different enzyme preparations and their mechanisms of action， and the research process on the application of enzyme preparations， aiming to provide theoretical foundations and technical references for enzyme selection in soybean meal enzymatic hydrolysis processes.
The clinical success of antibody-drug conjugates （ADCs） has driven the rapid development of novel conjugate drugs， including radionuclide drug conjugates （RDCs）， peptide drug conjugates （PDCs）， and small molecule drug conjugates （SMDCs）. These drugs offer significant advantages in cancer treatment by integrating targeted delivery with efficient payload release and are progressively expanding into disease diagnosis and therapeutic areas beyond oncology. This article systematically reviewed the current landscape of conjugate drugs， coupling technologies， recent progress， and clinical translation， while exploring future directions in expanding indications， technological advancements， and integrated theranostic applications.
This study aimed to investigate the mechanism by which miR-93 promotes traumatic brain injury （TBI） repair through regulating macrophage M2 polarization and neurovascular tissue regeneration via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.Female C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to four groups： sham-operated （Sham）， TBI model （TBI）， TBI + miR-93 inhibitor （TBI+inhibitor）， and TBI + miR-93 agonist （TBI+agonist）. Relative mRNA expression levels of M1 macrophage marker CD80 and M2 macrophage marker CD206 were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR （qPCR）. Concentrations of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α， IL-12， TGF-β， and IL-13 were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. Immunofluorescence staining for vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF） was performed to evaluate angiogenesis post-TBI. Western blotting was used to determine the relative protein expression levels of phosphorylated PI3K （p-PI3K） and phosphorylated AKT （p-AKT）.Compared to the TBI group， the TBI+agonist group exhibited enhanced M2 macrophage polarization， reduced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-12， and increased expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines TGF-β and IL-13. Furthermore， this group showed a lower modified Neurological Severity Score （mNSS）， indicative of improved neurological function， enhanced VEGF expression reflecting active angiogenesis， and elevated levels of p-PI3K and p-AKT proteins.These results suggested that miR-93 expression is compensatorily upregulated following TBI. miR-93 promotes neurovascular repair after injury by modulating macrophage polarization towards the M2 phenotype， likely via activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
In recent years， China has achieved significant progress in the application of biological breeding technologies. However， there remains considerable scope for breakthroughs in basic theoretical research， core technology development， and market cultivation of major varieties. Biological breeding is a core driver of innovation in the modern bio-breeding industry， which innovates breeding techniques， methods， and products， thereby enhancing the yield， quality， and adaptability of crops. These improvements aim to meet the increasing global demand for food and address environmental challenges. Developed countries and international seed industry giants have integrated biotechnology with big data， artificial intelligence， and other cutting-edge technologies to propel the seed industry into the "Seed Industry 4.0" era， and the breeding mode is shifting from traditional "hybrid selection" to "intelligent selection and breeding". Based on this， the article reviewed the development history of biological breeding technology， the current status of the domestic and international biological breeding industry， summarized the innovation and application of key technologies in biological breeding， discussed the problems and challenges facing the industrialization of biological breeding， and looked forward to future development trends， in order to provide reference for enhancing China's biological breeding innovation capabilities and seed industry development.
To explore the effects of drought stress on the physiological characteristics and drought resistance adaptation mechanism of the seedlings of the medicinal plant Glycyrrhiza uralensis， one-year-old licorice seedlings were used as materials. Using potted plants with controlled water supply to simulate drought stress， we setted up normal water supply control （CK）， light stress （LS）， moderate stress （MS） and severe stress （SS） gradients， and measured key physiological parameters such as the antioxidant system and osmotic regulatory substances. The results showed that with the intensification of drought stress， the contents of malondialdehyde （MDA） and H2O2 in the leaves and roots of licorice generally showed an increasing trend， while the content of O 2 - in the roots of licorice in the MS group and the SS group was lower than that of CK. The total antioxidant capacity and peroxidase （POD） of roots both showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing， while the POD and catalase （CAT） activities of leaves first decreased and then increased， and the superoxide dismutase （SOD） activities of leaves and roots both showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. After drought stress， the ascorbic acid （ASA） content， glutathione peroxidase （GPX） and GSSG activities in licorice leaves and roots were all higher than those in CK. In conclusion， studies have shown that licorice seedlings can resist mild to moderate drought stress by enhancing the antioxidant enzyme system in leaves and roots and accumulating osmotic regulatory substances. Severe drought exceeds their physiological tolerance threshold， and the drought resistance of leaves is stronger than that of roots. This result provides a physiological basis for water management and drought-resistant germplasm screening of artificial cultivation of licorice in arid areas.
To evaluate the genetic polymorphism of 38 Y-chromosomal short tandem repeat （Y-STR） loci in the Han population of Hohhot， Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region， and to explore their forensic application value and genetic relationships with other domestic populations， a multiplex amplification system comprising 38 Y-chromosomal genetic markers was used to amplify samples from 272 randomly selected unrelated Han male individuals in Hohhot City. Allele frequencies and forensic genetic parameters for the 38 Y-STR loci were calculated. Based on haplotype data from domestic populations included in the Y-chromosomal short tandem repeat haplotype reference database （YHRD）， pairwise genetic distances （Rst） between populations were computed， followed by multidimensional scaling （MDS） analysis. A total of 333 alleles were detected across the 38 Y-STR loci， with gene diversity （GD） values ranging from 0.043 4 to 0.967 5. In total， 269 haplotypes were observed， with three haplotypes occurring twice. Haplotype diversity （HD） and discrimination power （DC） were 0.999 9 and 0.989 0， respectively. Population comparison results revealed that the Hohhot Han population exhibited smaller genetic distances （indicating closer genetic relationships） with groups of the same ethnicity or geographically proximate populations， such as the Shaanxi Han population， and conversely， larger genetic distances （indicating more distant relationships） with other groups. The selected multiplex detection system containing 38 Y-STR loci demonstrated high genetic polymorphism， making it suitable for forensic analysis and population genetic studies of the Han population in Hohhot.
Star anise （Illicium verum Hook. f.） belongs to the Magnoliaceae family， a medicinal-food homologous plant endemic to China， has current research primarily focused on the development and utilization of its chemical components and pharmacological effects. However， challenges remain in the systematic identification of its chemical composition， insufficient quantitative data on pharmacological effects， and the absence of standardized protocols for processing and extraction technologies. The review systematically sorted out the main constituents， including volatile oils， phenolic acids， flavonoids， and sesquiterpene lactones， analysed the pharmacological activities such as antibacterial， analgesic， anti-inflammatory， and antioxidant effects and summarized the main points of extraction techiniques， analysis and fresh material processing technology. It provides strong support for improving the research methods and technological standards of star anise， improving the efficiency of resource utilization and industrial application.
In order to investigate the immunotoxicity and mechanism of action of dinotefuran （DIN） on early developmental stages of zebrafish， zebrafish larvae were exposed to different concentrations of DIN （2， 200 and 2 000 μg?L-1） for 5 days to investigate changes in oxidative stress， immune cells， immune-related parameters and immune-related pathways. The results demonstrated that DIN significantly reduced the number of neutrophil， macrophage and thymic T cells （P<0.01）， decreased the levels of immune factors （LYS， IgM and C3） （P<0.01）， and increased the levels of inflammatory factors （IL-1β， IL-6， and TNF-α） （P<0.01）. DIN dose-dependently increased the levels of reactive oxygen species （ROS） in juvenile fish （P<0.01） and inhibited antioxidant enzyme activities （CAT， SOD and GSH-Px） （P<0.01）. Concurrently， DIN exposure modulated the transcript levels of pivotal genes within the TLR4/NF-κB， JAK-STAT and Nrf2-Keap1 signalling pathways. The study demonstrated that DIN exposure could induce immunotoxicity in zebrafish larvae and that the TLR4/NF-κB， JAK-STAT and Nrf2-Keap1 pathways play a significant role in this process.
Autophagy and apoptosis are the key physiological processes to maintain cell homeostasis， and their interaction has important pathological significance in tumors， neurodegenerative diseases and cardiovascular diseases. The molecular mechanism of the two dynamic regulatory networks has not been fully analyzed in the existing studies， and the strategies targeting the regulation of autophagy and apoptosis balance in disease treatment are still lacking in accuracy. Studies have shown that through a bidirectional regulatory mechanism and targeting key hub proteins can synergically inhibit apoptosis and activate autophagy. The review summarized the interaction mechanism between artophagy and apoptosis， as well as the research progress in tumors， neurodegenerative diseases， and heart disease， in order to provide a theoretical framework for analyzing cell death regulatory networks and lay an important foundation for developing precise therapeutic strategies based on the balance regulation of autophagy and apoptosis.
The occurrence and development of liver diseases are finely regulated by various cell types and their spatial organization patterns. Spatial transcriptomics （ST） can achieve spatial localization of gene expression at the tissue slice level and has become an important technique for analyzing liver tissue to reveal dynamic changes in the disease microenvironment. The review summarized the research progress of ST technology in various liver diseases， such as alcoholic fatty liver disease， liver fibrosis， and hepatocellular carcinoma， sorted out the applications in revealing tissue spatial heterogeneity， intercellular interactions， and dynamic changes， and analyzed the current bottlenecks and future development directions of the technology. The aim is to provide data foundation and theoretical support for biomarker discovery， targeted therapeutic design，and personalized treatment strategies for early diagnosis and intervention of liver diseases.
To enhance the extreme high-temperature adaptability of Esox lucius for aquaculture expansion to southern warm regions and identify genetic loci associated with thermal tolerance， we integrated genome-wide association study （GWAS） and transcriptome analysis. Using reduced-representation genome sequencing data from heat-sensitive and heat-tolerant populations， GWAS analysis with an MLM model identified 471 SNPs significantly associated with thermal tolerance traits. Concurrently， transcriptome sequencing of juvenile brain tissues exposed to varying heat stress durations revealed differential gene expression patterns. Functional enrichment analyses demonstrated significant enrichment of differentially expressed genes （DEGs） in endoplasmic reticulum stress and immune-related pathways. GSEA analysis indicated activation of innate immune responses at 84 h of heat stress， with specific induction of NAD（+） ADP-ribosyltransferase activity-related genes. Protein-protein interaction （PPI） network analysis identified parp14， parp9， stat1， and stat3 as core regulators of innate immune responses. Notably， two GWAS-derived SNPs located in exon 3 of the parp14 gene—rsc.646T>C （missense mutation） and rsc.777G>A （synonymous mutation）—exhibited complete linkage disequilibrium and were significantly correlated with thermal tolerance traits. Sanger sequencing validation in heat-stressed and reference populations confirmed these associations. Our findings reveal candidate genes and functional SNP markers for high-temperature tolerance in E. lucius， providing insights into its genetic mechanisms and supporting marker-assisted breeding strategies.
The essential derived variety （EDV） system is an intellectual property protection mechanism designed to protect the rights and interests of original breeders and encourage breeding innovation. With the progress of modern biotechnology and breeding technology， new varieties can be derived from original varieties by simple modification， which leads to challenges in the protection of original innovation. In order to balance the interests of breeders of original varieties and derived varieties， the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants （UPOV） formally established the concept of EDV in 1991. This paper systematically combed the origin and definition of EDV system， analyzed the principles and methods of EDV determination， and compared and analyzed the current situation and development trend of EDV protection system at home and abroad， with the aim of providing reference for the protection of breeding intellectual property.
Tumor invasion and metastasis are the primary causes of death in cancer patients. Circulating tumor cell （CTC）， as the seed cells of tumor metastasis， carries complete cellular biological information and hold significant importance in early diagnosis， prognosis assessment， and personalized treatment monitoring of tumors. However， due to the extremely low number of CTC in the blood， developing efficient enrichment and separation methods are crucial for the precise analysis of CTC. Immunomagnetic separation technology， with its advantages of high specificity and efficient enrichment， can effectively and specifically isolate and enrich target substances， providing a powerful tool for biomedical research and clinical diagnosis. As the cross-disciplinary integration and development of materials science， biotechnology， and electronic engineering technology， the application value of immunomagnetic separation technology in cutting-edge analytical areas has been enhanced， expecting to achieve significant breakthroughs in the field of CTC detection. This article reviewed the design of CTC immunomagnetic material， the CTC immunomagnetic separation and capture platform， and the combination of immunomagnetic separation technology with microfluidics， discussed the challenges and optimization strategies of immunomagnetic separation technology in CTC detection， in order to provide a reference for promoting the deeper application of CTC detection technology.
