Under the dual pressures of global population growth and arable land decreasing， the sustainable development of agriculture is urgent. Biological control， by utilizing natural enemies， beneficial microorganisms， and other beneficial organisms to suppress pests and pathogens， demonstrates great potential and it is an effective approach in modern agricultural pest and disease management. This article outlined the importance of biological control in sustainable agriculture and its positive role in protecting biodiversity and the environment. It detailed the application of pest natural enemies， the use of beneficial microorganisms to control plant diseases， the development of antagonist bacteria screening techniques， and the application of omics and nanotechnology. Finally， several improvement strategies were proposed， aimed at providing valuable references and guidance for the research and practical application of biological control， thereby enhanced the understanding and application of biological control technologies and promoted the development of sustainable agriculture.
Exopolysaccharides are multifunctional glycan compounds synthesized by microorganisms. In recent years， it has been found that exopolysaccharides have the functions of adsorption， hydrophilicity， cohesiveness and immune activity， which have attracted extensive attention in the field of multidisciplinary researches. At present， the production and purification process of exopolysaccharides has several problems， such as high cost and low yield， which limit the large-scale production and commercial application. In this review， the microbial sources， biological characteristics and physiological functions of exopolysaccharides were systematically introduced， the biosynthetic mechanisms of several exopolysaccharides with industrial application potentials were emphatically summarized， and the latest application directions of exopolysaccharides were listed. Moreover， the biosynthetic mechanisms， the large-scale production， and multi-field application of exopolysaccharides were prospected. Therefore， this review was expected to provide a reference for the further development and utilization， in-depth study of the function and activity mechanism， and the optimization of fermentation production process of microbial exopolysaccharides， and the extensive application in multiple disciplines and fields.
The research aimed to study the influence of different enzyme preparations on fermentation of tobacco. In this experiment， tobacco produced in Yunnan Province were used as materials. Different enzyme preparations were applied to enzymatically treat tobacco， followed by fermentation using wine yeast. The aim was to prepare tobacco products with richer and fuller flavor. The effects of different enzyme treatments on the conventional chemical composition， volatile flavor substances， and sensory quality of tobacco were analyzed. The results showed that， there was no significant change in moisture content and nitrogen content of tobacco after enzymatic treatment， with nitrogen content ranging from approximately 0.98% to 1.18%. The group treated with 100 U·g-1 flavor protease exhibited the highest content of soluble total sugars （12.11%） and reducing sugars （5.93%）. The total amount of volatile flavor substances in all groups of tobacco increased， with the highest being 180.029 μg·g-1. Moreover， the content of characteristic flavor substances in each group of tobacco， such as neophytadiene， phenylethanol， solanone， and megastigmatrienone， also increased. The sensory quality of tobacco improved after enzymatic treatment. Comprehensive analysis revealed that enzymatic treatment using 70 U·g-1 flavor protease and 50 U·g-1 α-amylase resulted in a more balanced chemical composition， abundant aroma components， and better sensory indicators of tobacco. Therefore， enzymatic fermentation can improve the quality of tobacco leaves， providing a basis for further commercial development of tobacco leaves.
Antibiotic resistance has become one of the most critical threats to global health. The emergence of multi-drug resistant bacterial infections has led to increasingly high morbidity and mortality rates across medical， industrial， agricultural， and ecological domains. Phages can specifically lyse multi-drug resistant pathogens. However， due to their narrow host range， the presence of unfavorable genes in their genomes， and other limitations， only a limited number of phages have been successfully applied to combat multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. With editable and efficient features， phage genetic engineering provides a promising approach for expanding phage host ranges and designing "safe， green， and efficient" novel phages. This review systematically summarized recent advances in phage genetic engineering technologies while highlighting their practical applications in clinical therapies against drug-resistant infections， agricultural production， and ecological remediation. These insights established theoretical foundations for phage modification and their effective utilization in diverse fields.
Gene editing technology is one of the essential biological breeding technologies. With the rapid development of biological breeding industrialization， agricultural gene editing products have shown a rapid growth trend. However， the speed of development of its identification and traceability detection technology cannot correspond to intellectual property protection and regulatory requirements. This seriously restricts the development of the industry. In this paper， we focused on the main gene editing systems， the technology advantages of various gene editing systems， and target editing types. Moreover， we analyzed the characteristics， advantages， and disadvantages of detection technology for gene editing products. Furthermore， three suggestions， innovation of detection technology， integration of detection and evaluation technology， and supervision technology system refinement， were proposed to provide reference for the research on the identification， traceability technology of agricultural gene editing products and technical support for improving the supervision system of agricultural biotechnology products.
Iron is an essential trace element for plants and plant pathogens. Although the iron content is rich in soil， it couldn't be absorbed directly by plants due to the iron existing with the form of insoluble compounds. To supply growth and development， the plants， with long-term evolution process， have formed two iron absorption systems based on the reduction mechanism and chelation mechanism， and iron transport systems. Here， we reviewed the progress of the two strategies and molecular mechanisms of iron uptake in plants， the transport of iron in plant cells and the pathways in response to iron signaling in plants， the influence of iron on plant immune responses， the effect on pathogenicity of pathogens， and the functional mechanism of iron in plant-pathogen interaction. The aim of this review was providing reference for the study of iron signaling pathways in plant and the function of iron in plant-pathogen interaction，providing new ideas for crop cultivation.
Soil salinity is a major constraint on global agricultural production， posing a severe threat to agriculture sustainable development and food security. Maize （Zea mays L.） is one of the three major crops in China， while saline-alkali land represents a crucial reserve of arable land resources. Lignin， as a principal structural component of plant cell walls， makes it significant to study the accumulation of lignin in maize and the thickening of cell walls in response to high salinity. This study selected salt-tolerant maize inbred lines （Zhongke4M， Zheng58） and salt-sensitive maize inbred lines （PH4CV， Chang7-2） as subjects. Using a water control and a treatment of 200 mmol·L-1 NaCl， the morphological changes and cytological characteristics of maize roots under different salt concentrations were analyzed. The differences in enzyme activity， lignin content， and gene expression were also examined. Toluidine blue staining results indicated that the reduction in the area of the root cortex and endodermis under salt stress was significantly lower in the salt-tolerant inbred lines Zhongke4M and Zheng58 compared to the salt-sensitive inbred lines PH4CV and Chang7-2. Furthermore， fluorescence microscopy observations showed that the degree of lignification in the salt-tolerant inbred lines remained stable or increased under salt stress， whereas the salt-sensitive inbred lines exhibited a decrease in lignification. The results demonstrated that the lignin content in the salt-tolerant inbred lines Zhongke4M and Zheng58 remained stable under salt stress， while it significantly decreased in the salt-sensitive inbred lines. Enzyme activity analysis revealed that under salt stress， the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase （PAL） and cinnamate-4-hydroxylase （CAD） decreased in the salt-sensitive inbred lines， while the activity of cinnamate-4-hydroxylase （C4H） increased in the salt-tolerant inbred lines. RNA-seq analysis identified three genes related to lignin biosynthesis， whose expression levels varied among different maize varieties. This study provided new insights into the mechanisms by which maize responds to salt stress through the regulation of lignin accumulation and cell wall structure， contributing to the understanding of maize salt tolerance mechanisms.
Hydraulic fracturing technology has unique advantages in the efficient extraction of shale oil， but the chemicals contained therein pose a high risk of polluting groundwater. By using the fermentation broth produced by shale oil endogenous functional bacteria as biological fracturing fluid， participating in the green exploitation of shale oil can significantly improve the recovery rate of shale oil and reduce the negative impact on the environment. The functional strains were screened by blood plates， and the yield of surfactant was used as the evaluation criterion， and the three functional strains were determined and the species information was identified by 16S rDNA sequencing. According to the different inoculation ratios of 1， 2 and 3 μL， the three strains were compounded into different strains of the same volume to obtain the optimal strain ratio， and the most suitable factors were screened out by single factor experiments， and then the orthogonal and response surfaces were further optimized to obtain high-yield culture conditions. The results showed that the three strains of high-efficiency functional bacteria were Pseudomonas， Bacillus and Taureella， with a combination ratio of 2∶2∶1. The optimal cultivation formula was lactose concentration 13.87 g·L-1， ammonium persulfate 2.13 g·L-1， iron sulfite 1.75 g·L-1 and pH 6. Under these conditions， the surfactant yield of the strain was 315.51 mg·L-1， an increase of 59.37% compared to the initial yield of 187.30 mg·L-1. The results of this study can provide a reference for the development of biological fracturing fluid for shale oil.
CRISPR/Cas9 is an efficient and accurate gene editing technology， which is widely used in the field of livestock and poultry gene editing. This paper introduced the research progress and application of CRISPR/Cas9 technology in breeding of pig， cow， sheep and poultry， summarized the problems of its application in breeding， and prospected its future development trend， in order to provide reference for the future application of the technology in the field of livestock and poultry breeding.
Fusarium head blight （FHB）， caused by Fusarium graminearum， is one of the significant fungal diseases affecting wheat. FHB not only leads to severe yield loss in wheat but also poses a serious threat to human and animal health due to the production of mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol （DON）. Studies have shown that effectors and DON play crucial roles during the early stages of F. graminearum infection in wheat. This review summarized the pathogenic mechanisms of F. graminearum， the molecular interaction of effectors and DON during the interaction process with wheat. The paper provided an outlook on the effective utilization of pathogenic genes in the future， with the aim of providing a theoretical reference for the study of the interaction mechanism between F. graminearum and wheat， as well as the prevention and control of FHB in wheat.
Microplastics （MPs） usually referres to plastic fibers， particles or films with a particle size of less than 5 mm， which are found in various environmental media in the ocean and land， and are the main pollutants in the ecosystem， which could be absorbed by organisms and produce ecological and health risks. Due to the characteristics of low cost and environmental friendliness， biodegradable MPs have broad application prospects， which is the general development trend of MPs degradation in the future. This paper reviewed the effects of MPs on the environment and various organisms， and introduced in detail the potential toxicity of MPs to humans， and discussed various ways （bacterial， fungal， biofilm） and mechanisms for degrading MPs. This review hopefully provided a scientific reference for further research on the ecological risks and efficient degradation strategies of microplastics.
Currently， the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat （CRISPR）-associated protein 9 （Cas9） system （CRISPR/Cas9） stands out as a primary technology for enhancing genome editing efficiency in eukaryotes. However， for species with longer reproductive cycles， such as the Nile tilapia， the application of CRISPR/Cas9 technology faces challenges due to its low homozygous efficiency， especially in large-scale genetic screening studies. To solve this problem， a highly efficient CRISPR/Cas9 method was developed using SLC24A5 gene as an example in tilapia， which can directly achieve F0 generation biallelic knockout with a relatively stable probability in injected embryos. Specifically， two highly effective guide RNAs （gRNAs） were used for mixing， the concentration of Cas9 protein was 800 ng·μL-1， the mass ratio of Cas9 protein to gRNA was 4∶1， and the injection dose was controlled at 1 nL， that is， 800 pg Cas9 protein and 200 pg gRNA. This knockout technique enabled the direct production of individuals with a significant phenotype expressivity （Lv.1， Lv.2， Lv.3， and Lv.4） of 71% in F0 generation embryos of the new GIFT Nile tilapia， with a significantly phenotypic penetrance （Lv.1 and Lv.2） of 17%. This breakthrough technology provided a convenient and efficient means for genetic screening in Nile tilapia.
Microbial fermentation of traditional Chinese medicinal materials serves as a pivotal technique for novel drug discovery in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） processing. While contemporary biotechnology advancements have progressively clarified the mechanisms and processes underlying TCM fermentation， persisting challenges include the selection of appropriate microbial strains， elucidation of fermentation mechanisms， determination of relationships between fermentation endpoints and quality control markers， and standardization of fermentation protocols. This review systematically summarized the specific microbial mechanisms involved in TCM fermentation and evaluated current research through three critical dimensions： functional diversity of fermentative microorganisms， biochemical mechanisms of fermentation， and process optimization strategies. Furthermore， it prospected future developmental trajectories in this field. The review aimed to provide theoretical foundations and technological references for defining fermentation endpoints， establishing quality standards， optimizing standardized processes， and advancing drug innovation within the TCM industry chain.
Auxin （IAA） signaling pathway plays an important role in plant growth and response to biological and abiotic stress. Powdery mildew （PM） is a common and serious disease in pumpkin. In order to explore the molecular mechanism of IAA signaling pathway in response to PM stress， transcriptomic sequencing and whole genome DNA methylation sequencing were performed on pumpkin leaves treated with PM. As a result， we found 25 differentially expressed genes in the IAA signaling pathway. Fifty-three genes were differentially methylated， among which 16 austerin-upregulated small RNA （SAUR） genes were methylated to different degrees， suggesting that these genes may be involved in the response to powdery mildew stress. The methylation level of SAUR50 （CmoCh19G007170） gene was reduced， and the methylation region was located in the promoter region of the gene. The expression level of SAUR50 was significantly up-regulated under PM stress and significantly down-regulated under IAA induction. Therefore， this gene may regulate its expression level through DNA methylation and participate in the regulation of PM stress in pumpkin through IAA signaling pathway. The results provided a theoretical basis for IAA signaling pathway in response to powdery mildew stress molecular breeding of pumpkin resistant to PM.
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats associated proteins （CRISPR) system is an acquired immune system of prokaryotes. The CRISPR/Cas9 system， developed based on the bacterial immune system CRISPR， is changing biology and basic medical research， and is one of the most efficient， simplest and cost-effective gene editing and modification technologies available. However， there is currently a lack of strategies for effectively delivering CRISPR systems to diseased cells in vivo， and non-viral vectors with target recognition capabilities may be the focus of future research， with pathological and physiological changes caused by disease onset promising as identifying factors for targeted delivery or gene editing targets. This article provided an overview of existing gene editing tools and the advantages of the CRISPR/Cas9 system， summarized the application of CRISPR/Cas9 in the field of therapy， and discussed the problems and challenges encountered in CRISPR/Cas9-mediated therapy， in order to promote the advancement of CRISPR/Cas9 therapeutical technology and provide new perspectives for treating other complex diseases.
Given the time-consuming and technically demanding nature of commonly used methods such as specific PCR and strip tests for detecting transgenic plants， we hoped to explore a simplified and efficient method for identifying transgenic wheat throughout its entire growth cycle in field conditions. We optimized a leaf painting method using BASTA （glufosinate herbicide）， which is low-cost， straightforward， and suitable for large-scale screening of transgenic plants in wheat fields. Selecting transgenic wheat with BASTA resistance， we determined that a 200 mg·L-1 BASTA solution effectively identified transgenic positive plants during both seedling and flowering stages in field environments. Additionally， we compared this method with Bar strip tests and specific PCR on 20 T0 generation transgenic wheat plants. Results indicated that the BASTA leaf painting method correlated with the Bar strip test and covered the findings of specific PCR. Compared to traditional methods， the BASTA leaf painting method is cost-effective， efficient， operationally simple， and applicable throughout the entire growth cycle， making it particularly suitable for large-scale field screening of transgenic plants.
Biopharmaceuticals have achieved increasingly significant therapeutic effects in the treatment of tumors， autoimmune diseases and other complex diseases. However， there is a risk of immunogenicity when using biopharmaceuticals for treatment， which can reduce drug efficacy and affect treatment outcomes， even cause severe adverse reactions. Reducing or eliminating the immunogenicity of biopharmaceuticals on the basis of maintaining their pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy has become an important aspect of the drug development process. Understanding the complex mechanisms driving the immunogenicity of biopharmaceuticals and developing effective strategies to reduce immunogenicity risks are crucial for improving drug efficacy and safety. The article reviewed the development of mechanism of immunogenicity in biopharmaceuticals， discussed the factors that affected immunogenicity and focused on strategies used to reduce immunogenicity in drug development， in order to provide a reference for the research and development of biopharmaceuticals.
Antibody drugs have gone through three stages： polyclonal antibody， monoclonal antibody and genetically engineered antibody. With the continuous deepening of human research on antibody drugs， a variety of antibody screening technologies have emerged， such as polyclonal antibody technology， hybridoma antibody technology， antibody library display technology and transgenic mouse technology. Antibody drugs have a very large development prospect. The article summarized the characteristics of various antibody drug screening technologies， and discussed the challenges faced by antibody drug research and development， in order to provide reference for the subsequent development of antibody technology.
Maize， an important food and feed crop， faces severe growth inhibition， yield reduction， and quality deterioration under salt stress. Jasmonic acid and its derivatives （JAs）， crucial phytohormones involved in plant defense mechanisms， have been shown through studies in model plants to play essential roles in salt stress responses. To investigate JAs-mediated salt stress adaptation mechanisms in maize， we subjected seedlings to combined treatments of 200 mmol·L-1 NaCl and 100 μmol·L-1 methyl jasmonate （MeJA） for six hours. Transcriptomic analysis of shoots and roots identified differentially expressed genes （DEGs） associated with both JA signaling and salt stress response. Eight overlapping DEGs from shoot-root comparisons were subsequently validated using RT-qPCR. The study revealed 362 and 803 stress-responsive DEGs in overground and subterranean tissues， respectively. Functional enrichment analyses （GO and KEGG） demonstrated these genes participate in carbohydrate metabolism/transport， defensive secondary metabolite biosynthesis， antioxidant enzyme production， along with abscisic acid and ethylene signaling pathways. These findings indicated that JA signaling activates specific genetic and metabolic networks underlying salt stress adaptation of maize， providing critical insights for further elucidating the molecular mechanisms of JA-mediated salt tolerance regulation.
Lentinula edodes， as an important edible fungus in China， has a long history of cultivation. It is now widely used in the fields of food and medicine worldwide. Lentinula edodes is rich in bioactive polysaccharides， especially β-glucan. Since the discovery of the anticancer biological activity of lentinan in the 1970 s， the research on the activity of lentinan has never stopped. Studies have shown that lentinan possesses a variety of significant biological activities， including antioxidant， anti-tumor， anti-aging， anti-inflammatory， immunomodulatory， antiviral， hepatoprotective， and cholesterol-lowering effects. The isolation， purification， chemical properties， and biological activities of lentinan have always attracted close attention from scholars around the world. Based on the previous work， this article comprehensively summarized the latest research progress of lentinan， including the separation methods of lentinan and the impact of different separation methods on its structural activity， the relationship between structural characteristics and polysaccharide biological activity， and the mechanism of action of lentinan in exerting biological activity. The paper was expected to provide valuable information references for the further application of lentinan in the fields of medical treatment and functional foods.
