Under the dual pressures of global population growth and arable land decreasing， the sustainable development of agriculture is urgent. Biological control， by utilizing natural enemies， beneficial microorganisms， and other beneficial organisms to suppress pests and pathogens， demonstrates great potential and it is an effective approach in modern agricultural pest and disease management. This article outlined the importance of biological control in sustainable agriculture and its positive role in protecting biodiversity and the environment. It detailed the application of pest natural enemies， the use of beneficial microorganisms to control plant diseases， the development of antagonist bacteria screening techniques， and the application of omics and nanotechnology. Finally， several improvement strategies were proposed， aimed at providing valuable references and guidance for the research and practical application of biological control， thereby enhanced the understanding and application of biological control technologies and promoted the development of sustainable agriculture.

Exopolysaccharides are multifunctional glycan compounds synthesized by microorganisms. In recent years， it has been found that exopolysaccharides have the functions of adsorption， hydrophilicity， cohesiveness and immune activity， which have attracted extensive attention in the field of multidisciplinary researches. At present， the production and purification process of exopolysaccharides has several problems， such as high cost and low yield， which limit the large-scale production and commercial application. In this review， the microbial sources， biological characteristics and physiological functions of exopolysaccharides were systematically introduced， the biosynthetic mechanisms of several exopolysaccharides with industrial application potentials were emphatically summarized， and the latest application directions of exopolysaccharides were listed. Moreover， the biosynthetic mechanisms， the large-scale production， and multi-field application of exopolysaccharides were prospected. Therefore， this review was expected to provide a reference for the further development and utilization， in-depth study of the function and activity mechanism， and the optimization of fermentation production process of microbial exopolysaccharides， and the extensive application in multiple disciplines and fields.

Scab and root rot caused by Fusarium are fungal diseases that threaten the safe production of many food crops， which can cause grain yield reduction and grain quality reduction. Fusarium infections in the field can also cause problems such as grain deterioration and toxin contamination during storage. Fusarium fulfills infection by forming infection structure， synthesizing cell wall degrading enzyme （CWDE） and toxin to resist host defense reaction and destroy plant tissue. Toxin is an important pathogenic factor of fungal pathogens. Plants bind the toxin to the matrix and pump it out of the cell to reduce the plant toxicity of the toxin through chemical modification and chemical compartmentation. The improvement and utilization of detoxification genes through cross breeding or transgenic technology is one of the effective ways to control Fusarium disease and toxin pollution. In this paper， the mechanism of secondary metabolites such as toxins in pathogen and plant interaction and disease development during infection were reviewed， which could provide a basis for plant disease resistance breeding and research， and development of new strategies for prevention and control of Fusarium disease and toxin.

The research aimed to study the influence of different enzyme preparations on fermentation of tobacco. In this experiment， tobacco produced in Yunnan Province were used as materials. Different enzyme preparations were applied to enzymatically treat tobacco， followed by fermentation using wine yeast. The aim was to prepare tobacco products with richer and fuller flavor. The effects of different enzyme treatments on the conventional chemical composition， volatile flavor substances， and sensory quality of tobacco were analyzed. The results showed that， there was no significant change in moisture content and nitrogen content of tobacco after enzymatic treatment， with nitrogen content ranging from approximately 0.98% to 1.18%. The group treated with 100 U·g^-1 flavor protease exhibited the highest content of soluble total sugars （12.11%） and reducing sugars （5.93%）. The total amount of volatile flavor substances in all groups of tobacco increased， with the highest being 180.029 μg·g^-1. Moreover， the content of characteristic flavor substances in each group of tobacco， such as neophytadiene， phenylethanol， solanone， and megastigmatrienone， also increased. The sensory quality of tobacco improved after enzymatic treatment. Comprehensive analysis revealed that enzymatic treatment using 70 U·g^-1 flavor protease and 50 U·g^-1 α-amylase resulted in a more balanced chemical composition， abundant aroma components， and better sensory indicators of tobacco. Therefore， enzymatic fermentation can improve the quality of tobacco leaves， providing a basis for further commercial development of tobacco leaves.

Streptomyces is widely distributed in various ecological environments as the most advanced actinomycete. It has complex and unique morphological differentiation cycles and strong secondary metabolic abilities. Secondary metabolites of Streptomyces have many biological activities such as anti-infection， anti-tumor， anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant， immune adjustment and other biological activities， which is one of the main sources of natural active products. In recent years， with the development of marine resources， many new types of marine Streptomyces and their rich secondary metabolites have been discovered. The research on secondary metabolites of marine Streptomyces was reviewed， and the bioactive substances， breeding and fermentation culture of marine Streptomyces were summarized， in order to provide reference and help in shortening the fermentation cycle of marine Streptomyces， improving the yield and activity of secondary metabolites， and developing new marine drugs.

In recent years， food safety incidents such as adulteration of mutton and its meat products have been occurring， and in order to improve the legal basis for market enforcement and inspection， a standard substance for sheep genomic DNA has been developed by using digital PCR to quantify the sheep HELZ gene. Since the standard substance can be used to measure the accuracy of detection methods， it can determine the adulteration of mutton in food and related products. In this research， the standard material of sheep genome DNA was developed as the positive control for the detection of mutton in food and related products. The uniformity and stability of the reference materials were evaluated by digital PCR. The results showed that the reference materials had good uniformity and could be stably stored at 4 ℃ and 25 ℃ for 14 days， and at -20 ℃ for 6 months. The standard values of sheep-derived genomic DNA reference material （high concentration） and sheep-derived DNA reference material （low concentration） and their extended uncertainties were （5.44±0.45） ×10³ copies·μL^-1 and （5.68±0.54） ×10² copies·μL^-1， respectively， which were jointly determined by nine different laboratories. The development of sheep-derived genomic DNA reference materials provides a technical basis for the development of animal-derived reference materials， and will establish a technical platform for the preparation， quantitative detection， quality control and quantitative value traceability of sheep-derived genomic DNA reference materials.

The diversification of meat adulteration in the market has made it increasingly difficult for regulatory agencies to identify ingredients of animal origin with ease， accuracy and sensitivity. In particular， beef products with high economic value on the market have become the hardest hit areas for counterfeiting. Therefore， it is urgent to establish a fast and efficient molecular detection method for bovine components. Based on the requirement， this study designed and screened several groups of bovine specific amplified primers and probe combinations with β-actin， a reference gene expressed constitutively in cattle. Through sensitivity detection and specificity verification， recombinase polymerase amplification （RPA） method for rapid detection of bovine-derived components was established. At the same time， the efficiency of one-step DNA extraction from beef products was improved by adjusting and optimizing the reagent ratio. PRA technology was combined with colloid gold immunotest strip color development technology to realize the convenience of detection and visualization of results. Application results showed that the proposed method could detect bovine RPA specifically， with a minimum detection sensitivity of 14.8 copies， and could visualize the visualized results obtained by colloidal gold immunotest strips， and the accuracy and sensitivity of the results were the same as that of real-time fluorescence RPA. The method has strong specificity and high sensitivity， and the whole process can be completed in 25 min， greatly shortening the detection time.

Cotton is one of the important cash crop in China， and insect pests have a great impact on cotton production. Breeding insect resistant cotton by transgenic technology provides an effective method for pest control. This article reviewed the research progress of genetically modified insect resistant cotton in recent years， including transgenic cotton with Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal crystal protein gene， RNAi transgenic insect resistant cotton， gene editing to create insect resistant cotton and research on the relationship between transgenic secondary metabolite genes and cotton insect resistance. The paper was expected to provide direction for further research on transgenic insect resistant cotton， and put forward prospects for the research of transgenic insect resistant cotton.

Antibiotic resistance has become one of the most critical threats to global health. The emergence of multi-drug resistant bacterial infections has led to increasingly high morbidity and mortality rates across medical， industrial， agricultural， and ecological domains. Phages can specifically lyse multi-drug resistant pathogens. However， due to their narrow host range， the presence of unfavorable genes in their genomes， and other limitations， only a limited number of phages have been successfully applied to combat multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. With editable and efficient features， phage genetic engineering provides a promising approach for expanding phage host ranges and designing "safe， green， and efficient" novel phages. This review systematically summarized recent advances in phage genetic engineering technologies while highlighting their practical applications in clinical therapies against drug-resistant infections， agricultural production， and ecological remediation. These insights established theoretical foundations for phage modification and their effective utilization in diverse fields.

Gene editing technology is one of the essential biological breeding technologies. With the rapid development of biological breeding industrialization， agricultural gene editing products have shown a rapid growth trend. However， the speed of development of its identification and traceability detection technology cannot correspond to intellectual property protection and regulatory requirements. This seriously restricts the development of the industry. In this paper， we focused on the main gene editing systems， the technology advantages of various gene editing systems， and target editing types. Moreover， we analyzed the characteristics， advantages， and disadvantages of detection technology for gene editing products. Furthermore， three suggestions， innovation of detection technology， integration of detection and evaluation technology， and supervision technology system refinement， were proposed to provide reference for the research on the identification， traceability technology of agricultural gene editing products and technical support for improving the supervision system of agricultural biotechnology products.

Iron is an essential trace element for plants and plant pathogens. Although the iron content is rich in soil， it couldn't be absorbed directly by plants due to the iron existing with the form of insoluble compounds. To supply growth and development， the plants， with long-term evolution process， have formed two iron absorption systems based on the reduction mechanism and chelation mechanism， and iron transport systems. Here， we reviewed the progress of the two strategies and molecular mechanisms of iron uptake in plants， the transport of iron in plant cells and the pathways in response to iron signaling in plants， the influence of iron on plant immune responses， the effect on pathogenicity of pathogens， and the functional mechanism of iron in plant-pathogen interaction. The aim of this review was providing reference for the study of iron signaling pathways in plant and the function of iron in plant-pathogen interaction，providing new ideas for crop cultivation.

Soil salinity is a major constraint on global agricultural production， posing a severe threat to agriculture sustainable development and food security. Maize （Zea mays L.） is one of the three major crops in China， while saline-alkali land represents a crucial reserve of arable land resources. Lignin， as a principal structural component of plant cell walls， makes it significant to study the accumulation of lignin in maize and the thickening of cell walls in response to high salinity. This study selected salt-tolerant maize inbred lines （Zhongke4M， Zheng58） and salt-sensitive maize inbred lines （PH4CV， Chang7-2） as subjects. Using a water control and a treatment of 200 mmol·L^-1 NaCl， the morphological changes and cytological characteristics of maize roots under different salt concentrations were analyzed. The differences in enzyme activity， lignin content， and gene expression were also examined. Toluidine blue staining results indicated that the reduction in the area of the root cortex and endodermis under salt stress was significantly lower in the salt-tolerant inbred lines Zhongke4M and Zheng58 compared to the salt-sensitive inbred lines PH4CV and Chang7-2. Furthermore， fluorescence microscopy observations showed that the degree of lignification in the salt-tolerant inbred lines remained stable or increased under salt stress， whereas the salt-sensitive inbred lines exhibited a decrease in lignification. The results demonstrated that the lignin content in the salt-tolerant inbred lines Zhongke4M and Zheng58 remained stable under salt stress， while it significantly decreased in the salt-sensitive inbred lines. Enzyme activity analysis revealed that under salt stress， the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase （PAL） and cinnamate-4-hydroxylase （CAD） decreased in the salt-sensitive inbred lines， while the activity of cinnamate-4-hydroxylase （C4H） increased in the salt-tolerant inbred lines. RNA-seq analysis identified three genes related to lignin biosynthesis， whose expression levels varied among different maize varieties. This study provided new insights into the mechanisms by which maize responds to salt stress through the regulation of lignin accumulation and cell wall structure， contributing to the understanding of maize salt tolerance mechanisms.

Genetically modified （GM） maize MON87411 is an event developed by Monsanto， and it has obtained the biological safety certificate imported as raw materials for processing. In this paper， the primers and probes were designed with the specific sequences as targets. Through specificity test， system optimization， sensitivity test and limit of detection （LOD） test， a real-time PCR method for the qualitative detection of GM maize MON87411 was established. The results showed that the method could detect the components of GM maize MON87411， and had the characteristics of good stability， strong specificity and high sensitivity and the LOD could reach 0.05%. The specific test， LOD test and reproducibility test of the method were carried out by 8 domestic GMO safety testing institutions. The cyclic verification report showed that the method met the requirements of the national standard method and could be promoted and applied in the testing industry. The establishment of this method could provide effective technical support for the safety supervision of GM maize MON87411 strain in China.

Bispecific antibody （BsAb） is an artificial antibody with two specific antigen-binding sites， playing a bridging role between two functional molecules of target cells or between a target cell and another cell type. It has broad application prospects in anti-angiogenesis， clearance of tumor cells， regulation of tumor microenvironment and enhancement of anti-tumor immune response， etc. The research and development of BsAb is one of the important research directions in the field of biomedicine. Approximately two hundred BsAb drugs are entering clinical trials worldwide， and seven of them have been approved for marketing. More than 60 BsAb drugs are being investigated in China. However， most of them are in phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ clinical trials. Only Cadonilimab has been approved for marketing， and KN046 and AK112 are in phase Ⅲ clinical trials. This paper summarized the research progress， difficulties and challenges of the development and transformation of BsAb drugs， and proposed the reasonable and feasible solutions， which was expected to provide a reference for the development and strategic layout of BsAb drugs in China.

Hydraulic fracturing technology has unique advantages in the efficient extraction of shale oil， but the chemicals contained therein pose a high risk of polluting groundwater. By using the fermentation broth produced by shale oil endogenous functional bacteria as biological fracturing fluid， participating in the green exploitation of shale oil can significantly improve the recovery rate of shale oil and reduce the negative impact on the environment. The functional strains were screened by blood plates， and the yield of surfactant was used as the evaluation criterion， and the three functional strains were determined and the species information was identified by 16S rDNA sequencing. According to the different inoculation ratios of 1， 2 and 3 μL， the three strains were compounded into different strains of the same volume to obtain the optimal strain ratio， and the most suitable factors were screened out by single factor experiments， and then the orthogonal and response surfaces were further optimized to obtain high-yield culture conditions. The results showed that the three strains of high-efficiency functional bacteria were Pseudomonas， Bacillus and Taureella， with a combination ratio of 2∶2∶1. The optimal cultivation formula was lactose concentration 13.87 g·L^-1， ammonium persulfate 2.13 g·L^-1， iron sulfite 1.75 g·L^-1 and pH 6. Under these conditions， the surfactant yield of the strain was 315.51 mg·L^-1， an increase of 59.37% compared to the initial yield of 187.30 mg·L^-1. The results of this study can provide a reference for the development of biological fracturing fluid for shale oil.

CHO cells comprise a variety of lineages including CHO-K1， CHO-DG44 and CHO-S， which have been widely used in the industrial production of biological drugs. All CHO cell lines share a common ancestor， however， during the process of cell passage cultivation， cell domesticated， and preservation by different laboratories or companies， substantial genetic heterogeneity among them has been produced， that showed great differences in cell growth state， antibody titer， glycosylation and other product quality attributes. This article reviewed the difference in chromosome， growing status and expression， and glycoform in different sources of CHO host cells， which was expected to be helpful in host cell selection during antibody drug research and development process.

CRISPR/Cas9 is an efficient and accurate gene editing technology， which is widely used in the field of livestock and poultry gene editing. This paper introduced the research progress and application of CRISPR/Cas9 technology in breeding of pig， cow， sheep and poultry， summarized the problems of its application in breeding， and prospected its future development trend， in order to provide reference for the future application of the technology in the field of livestock and poultry breeding.

The detection of small molecule haptens is of great significance for food and drug testing， environmental monitoring and disease diagnosis. However， commercially available immunoassays for haptens are limited， partially due to poor performance， such as low sensitivity. In the early 20th century， anti-idiotypes （Ab2） were discovered， and Ab2 can be divided into three different isoforms： Ab2α， Ab2β and Ab2γ. In addition to be used for the treatment and prevention of disease， Ab2 has potential applications in immunoassays. This review provided an overview of the use of Ab2 in competitive， non-competitive and phage-based immunoassays， including the different detection formats and effects on the performance. Both the use of appropriate Ab2 instead of hapten derivatives in competitive assays and the use of anti-metatype antibodies against primary antibody and hapten complexes in non-competitive assays could increase detection sensitivity and improve cross-reactivity. The use of Ab2 could be a potentially important choice for the development of in vitro diagnostic assays in the future. In addition， different methods for the generation of Ab2 were summarized. The selection of natural nanobody libraries might be a more practical way to obtain Ab2 than traditional monoclonal antibody production.

In order to solve the problems of high cost， narrow detection linear range and poor source controllability of commercial kits for determining the content of p24 protein in lentivirus vector， a pair of mouse monoclonal antibodies against p24 protein were used as capture antibodies and detection antibodies， and the detection antibodies were coupled with biotin to establish a double antibody sandwich ELISA method for quantitative detection of p24 protein. The best working concentration of coated antibody and detection antibody in double antibody sandwich ELISA were determined by square matrix titration. The linearity range， lower limit of quantification， accuracy， precision and specificity of the standard curve were investigated. Six batches of lentivirus vector samples produced by our company were used to detect p24 content and sample stability were investigated for method fitness. The experimental results showed that the optimal working concentrations of coated antibody and biotin labeled antibody in double antibody sandwich ELISA were 0.8 μg·mL^-1 and 0.005 μg·mL^-1， the method had the best linearity in the concentration range of 1.25~80.00 ng·mL^-1， and the correlation coefficient r²>0.95. The recovery of intra and inter assay for high， medium and low quality control sample were 80%~120%， the coefficient of variation was less than 10.0%， and the lower limit of quantitative detection was 1.25 ng·mL^-1. The detection results of p24 protein content of 6 batches of the same lentivirus vector were within 30% deviation， and the detection results of storage stability of 4 batches of samples within 8 hours were within 10% deviation. The double antibody sandwich ELISA method has been optimized， developed and fully validated， which could be used for quantitative detection of lentivirus vector p24 protein content， and provide important data support and theoretical basis for lentivirus vector process development， quality control and quality consistency between batches.

Fusarium head blight （FHB）， caused by Fusarium graminearum， is one of the significant fungal diseases affecting wheat. FHB not only leads to severe yield loss in wheat but also poses a serious threat to human and animal health due to the production of mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol （DON）. Studies have shown that effectors and DON play crucial roles during the early stages of F. graminearum infection in wheat. This review summarized the pathogenic mechanisms of F. graminearum， the molecular interaction of effectors and DON during the interaction process with wheat. The paper provided an outlook on the effective utilization of pathogenic genes in the future， with the aim of providing a theoretical reference for the study of the interaction mechanism between F. graminearum and wheat， as well as the prevention and control of FHB in wheat.