Plant gene expression determines plant phenotypic characteristics， and gene expression is directly regulated by promoters. As a component of genes， promoters control the initiation time and expression degree of gene expression （transcription）. After directed editing of promoters by gene editing technology， the expression pattern of one or some genes in plants would be changed due to the unique recombination and arrangement of gene sequences， cis-expression and other factors， thus affecting the function of genes. These changes ultimately directly or indirectly change the external phenotypic characteristics of plants， and positive changes would help to optimize and improve plant quality. In this paper， the application of promoter editing in plants was summarized from three aspects： the structure and classification of promoters， gene editing technology and the research progress of promoter editing， which was expected to provide reference for plant improving by promoter editing.

Spalt-like gene 4 （SALL4）， a new member of the SALL transcription factor family discovered in 2002， plays a crucial role in maintaining self-renewal and pluripotent embryonic stem cells （ESCs）. SALL4 is specifically expressed in embryonic stem cells and germ cells， but is down-regulated or silenced in most adult cells. However， recent studies have shown that SALL4 is re-expressed in leukemia， breast cancer， stomach cancer， ovarian cancer， liver cancer， lung cancer， melanoma and other tumors， showing its characteristics of proto-oncogene， and the expression level of SALL4 is directly correlated to tumor progression， poor prognosis and survival of patients. The re-expression of SALL4 is mediated by a variety of cytokines， and acts as a transcription factor to regulate expressions of downstream gene and signaling pathways to promote tumor occurrence， metastasis， metabolism and drug resistance. Targeted inhibition of SALL4 expression and biological function shows obvious antitumor effect.SALL4 has become a new tumor marker and potential therapeutic target due to its properties of re-expression in tumor tissues and promoting tumor occurrence and development. The article summerized the structure and function of SALL4 protein， and its molecular mechanism of activation expression. This article focused on the mechanism and diagnostic value of SALL4 molecule in the development of tumor and the significance of targeted therapy， which was expected to provide reference data for cancer therapy.

Virus titration is an important analytical method in the biopharmaceutical industry， which is widely used in the development and production of viral biological products， the validation of virus clearance and inactivation processes， and the detection of exogenous viruses to ensure the activity and effectiveness of viral biologics， as well as the viral safety of biological products. It is important to establish a fast， simple， and accurate method for the detection of virus titration. This article summarized the characteristics， principles and specific applications of the traditional， emerging and improved methods for detecting viral titer and compared their advantages and disadvantages. Some emerging methods， such as droplet digital PCR， viral quantitative capillary electrophoresis， in situ hybridization （ISH） assay with chemiluminescent detection， laser force cytology， etc.， have improved the shortcomings of traditional methods such as time-consuming and labor-intensive， poor repeatability， low accuracy， and large subjectivity of results， and have achieved the advantages of rapidity， sensitivity， high degree of automation， high precision， and more robust and objective results. However， some new methods are expensive or not widely used， and it is necessary to select the appropriate virus titration method according to the experimental purpose.

With the development of second-generation DNA sequencing technology， a large amount of gut microbiota data has been accumulated. The studies showed that gut microbiota were closely related to the health status of the host. Therefore how to model and analyze the complex and high-dimensional gut microbiota data has been an important challenge faced by bioinformatics at present. The rise of artificial intelligence had made it possible to process gut microbiota data and revealed the complex relationship between gut microbiota and host phenotypes. The paper summarized the present stage of gut microbiota and phenotypic correlation study among five kinds of machine learning algorithm （commonly used linear regression， support vector machine （SVM）， K-nearest neighbor， random forests and artificial neural network）， introduced five kinds of machine learning algorithms of theory and application in the related research， and to choose what kind of machine learning algorithms to predict recommendations to host phenotype. Finally， the future development of this field was prospected to provide a reference for predicting host phenotypes using machine learning based on gut microbiota data.

Aging is an irresistible natural change in the organisms over time， manifested by changes of the morphological structures， decline of physiological functions， and occurrence of many geriatric diseases. Spermidine， a natural polyamine， shows great potential in alleviating the aging process. Recent studies showed that spermidine could clean senescent cells， repair damaged tissues， reduce the occurrence of aging-related diseases by activating autophagy， clean damaged mitochondria， interfere the lipid metabolism and regulate cell cycles. The major synthesis processes in vivo and in vitro， molecular mechanisms to alleviate aging， and therapeutic roles in aging-related diseases of spermidine were systematically described in this review， in order to provide reference for the prognosis and clinical treatment of age-related diseases.

Given the time-consuming and technically demanding nature of commonly used methods such as specific PCR and strip tests for detecting transgenic plants， we hoped to explore a simplified and efficient method for identifying transgenic wheat throughout its entire growth cycle in field conditions. We optimized a leaf painting method using BASTA （glufosinate herbicide）， which is low-cost， straightforward， and suitable for large-scale screening of transgenic plants in wheat fields. Selecting transgenic wheat with BASTA resistance， we determined that a 200 mg·L^-1 BASTA solution effectively identified transgenic positive plants during both seedling and flowering stages in field environments. Additionally， we compared this method with Bar strip tests and specific PCR on 20 T₀ generation transgenic wheat plants. Results indicated that the BASTA leaf painting method correlated with the Bar strip test and covered the findings of specific PCR. Compared to traditional methods， the BASTA leaf painting method is cost-effective， efficient， operationally simple， and applicable throughout the entire growth cycle， making it particularly suitable for large-scale field screening of transgenic plants.

In order to explore the current status， hotspots and trends of microplastic biotoxicity， we analyzed the trend of article generation， authorship， journal and citation and keyword clustering analysis of microplastic biotoxicity-related literature since 2011 based on VOS viewer， a bibliometric visualization software taking Web of Science core collection and China National Knowledge Infrastructure （www.cnki.net） as data sources. Results showed that， the number of annual articles on microplastic biotoxicity has been increased exponentially. The total number of articles and citations published by Chinese scholars is ranked among the top in the world. Journals Science of the Total Environment， Journal of Hazardous Materials， Environmental Pollution and Environmental Science & Technology， etc. have high influence on the research of microplastic biotoxicity. The hot topics of microplastic biotoxicity research were mainly focused on four aspects： “the manifestation of microplastic biotoxicity” “the source of microplastic biotoxicity”“the combined biotoxicity of microplastic and other harmful substances” and “the intake route of microplastic biotoxicity”. In the future， researches need to focus on the establishment of rapid detection technology for microplastic， clarification of the absorption and transfer mechanisms of microplastics under different exposure pathways， and exploration of endogenous microplastics prevention and control measures as key research and development fields.

Virus-like particles （VLPs） are hollow particles containing one or more structural proteins of a certain virus. Structurally similar to intact viruses， they possess immunogenicity similar to that of intact viruses and could induce immune responses by activating antigen-presenting cells. Due to the absence of viral genomes， VLPs can be developed into safer and more cost-effective vaccine candidates. This article systematically elaborated on the classification， characterization， advantages， and expression systems of VLPs， reviewed the development history of VLP vaccines， and summarized the varieties of vaccines that have been approved for market use. At the same time， it introduced some preventive or therapeutic VLP vaccines that were currently under research and development， and explored new development strategies， further broadening the field of VLP vaccine research and development， and providing broader prospects for future research and application.

Cotton is one of the important cash crop in China， and insect pests have a great impact on cotton production. Breeding insect resistant cotton by transgenic technology provides an effective method for pest control. This article reviewed the research progress of genetically modified insect resistant cotton in recent years， including transgenic cotton with Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal crystal protein gene， RNAi transgenic insect resistant cotton， gene editing to create insect resistant cotton and research on the relationship between transgenic secondary metabolite genes and cotton insect resistance. The paper was expected to provide direction for further research on transgenic insect resistant cotton， and put forward prospects for the research of transgenic insect resistant cotton.

In order to promote the application of recombinant mussel adhesive protein in the medical and cosmetics field， the recombinant mussel adhesive protein obtained from scale fermentation and purification of Escherichia coli was characterized and its efficacy was evaluated. Amino acid N-terminal sequencing， relative molecular weight analysis， amino acid composition analysis， protein purity analysis， endotoxin content， dihydroxyphenylalanine（DOPA） content of recombinant mussel adhesive protein were determined by the following methods： Edman degradation， matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry （MALDI-TOF-MS）， phenyl-isothiocyanate （PITC）， nonreductive SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis （SDS-PAGE）， gel method， modified Arnow. The efficacy of recombinant mussel adhesive protein was evaluated by cell migration and repairing effect of zebrafish tail fin. Results showed that the obtained recombinant mussel adhesive protein was confirmed to be consistent with the theoretical primary structure， protein purity of more than 95%， endotoxin <10 EU·mg^-1， DOPA content above 5%. When the recombinant mussel adhesive protein concentration was 60 μg·mL^-1， the effect of promoting cell proliferation was the most obvious， and it had very significant activity （P<0.01）. The caudal fin area of zebrafish in sample group was significantly increased compared with model control group （P<0.001）. The results indicated that recombinant mussel adhesive protein can promote cell migration and repair healing and has the potential to be used as biomedical materials.

Antibiotic resistance has become one of the most critical threats to global health. The emergence of multi-drug resistant bacterial infections has led to increasingly high morbidity and mortality rates across medical， industrial， agricultural， and ecological domains. Phages can specifically lyse multi-drug resistant pathogens. However， due to their narrow host range， the presence of unfavorable genes in their genomes， and other limitations， only a limited number of phages have been successfully applied to combat multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. With editable and efficient features， phage genetic engineering provides a promising approach for expanding phage host ranges and designing "safe， green， and efficient" novel phages. This review systematically summarized recent advances in phage genetic engineering technologies while highlighting their practical applications in clinical therapies against drug-resistant infections， agricultural production， and ecological remediation. These insights established theoretical foundations for phage modification and their effective utilization in diverse fields.

Artemisia indica is used as a food ingredient in the folk， but there is a lack of systematic measurement and analysis of its nutritional components， active substances and heavy metal content. In this study， national standards and literature methods were used to determine the nutritional components， mineral elements， vitamins， amino acid composition， active substances and heavy metal content. The results showed that the descending order of nutritional components in Artemisia indica was： protein （31.62%）， carbohydrate （29.86%）， fiber （22.57%）， total sugar （20.94%）， ash （8.76%） and fat （7.42%）. It was rich in VK₁， VB₁， VB₂， VB₁₂ and folic acid， especially the content of VB₂ was as high as 1 mg·100 g^-1. There were many mineral elements such as Na， K， Ca， Zn， Mg， Mn， Fe， Cu and Se， of which K content was the highest， up to 28 747.71 mg·kg^-1. In terms of amino acid composition， the protein was rich in various amino acids， including 8 kinds of essential amino acids. The content of essential amino acids accounted for 40.13% of the total amino acids， and the functional amino acids accounted for 56.7%. The main active ingredients were triterpenoids and polysaccharides， with contents of 5.38% and 2.91%， respectively. The contents of Hg， Pb， Cr and As were all below the limits of national food safety standards except Cd. Therefore， Artemisia indica is a food resource with high protein， high fiber， low fat， rich mineral elements types， high content B-group vitamins， and active substances such as triterpenoids and polysaccharides. This results will provide a theoretical basis for further research and development of Artemisia indica.

After the infection of Agrobacterium rhizogenes， a large number of fast-growing adventitious roots were induced in plants， usually called hairy roots. Hairy roots were characterized by rapid growth， stable heredity， growth autonomously without the addition of exogenous hormones and synthesis of secondary metabolites. By optimizing the cultivation conditions， the goal of increasing the yield of secondary metabolites was achieved. The mechanism of hairy roots induced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes in plants was briefly explained in this paper. The influence factors of the synthesis of secondary metabolites in hairy roots and the application of hairy roots in the synthesis of secondary metabolites， environmental remediation， and plant regeneration in the past 5 years were emphatically introduced. The problems existing in the cultivation process of hairy roots were summarized， aiming to provide reference for the research and application in hairy roots.

Protein post-translational modifications （PTMs） play a crucial role in plant growth and development. They significantly impact plant growth， development， and the ability to adapt to environmental stresses by fine-tuning the structure， stability， and activity of proteins. While the lignin biosynthetic pathway and its upstream transcriptional regulation have been extensively investigated， research on PTMs in this context remains relatively limited. This review summarized the latest advancements in understanding the regulation of lignin biosynthesis by PTMs， particularly focusing on four significant types： phosphorylation， ubiquitination， glycosylation， and S-nitrosylation. It highlighted the regulatory mechanisms of these PTMs on key enzymes and transcription factors involved in lignin biosynthesis， aiming to enhance our comprehension of the regulatory networks governing lignin biosynthesis and provide valuable insights and references for the precise spatiotemporal modulation of this crucial process in plants.

The clinical success of antibody-drug conjugates （ADCs） has driven the rapid development of novel conjugate drugs， including radionuclide drug conjugates （RDCs）， peptide drug conjugates （PDCs）， and small molecule drug conjugates （SMDCs）. These drugs offer significant advantages in cancer treatment by integrating targeted delivery with efficient payload release and are progressively expanding into disease diagnosis and therapeutic areas beyond oncology. This article systematically reviewed the current landscape of conjugate drugs， coupling technologies， recent progress， and clinical translation， while exploring future directions in expanding indications， technological advancements， and integrated theranostic applications.

Norovirus （NoV） is one of the main pathogens causing acute gastroenteritis. NoV is prone to mutating and producing multiple strains that pose a significant threat to human health. Subsequent evaluation of anti-NoV drugs and vaccines is limited by the lack of successful animal models， and no vaccines are currently on the market for NoV prevention. In this paper， the research progress of NoV vaccine was reviewed， focusing on the research status and development prospects of virus-like particle （VLP） vaccine， viral vector vaccine and P-particle based vaccine， in order to provide new ideas for NoV vaccine research and development.

Marine Streptomyces are the source of the valuable lead compounds with medicinal biological activity due to their complex morphological differentiation cycle， which often accompanied by complex physiological changes. But most of the biosynthetic gene clusters of secondary metabolites in marine Streptomyces are “silent”. The article reviewed the methods for predicting the expression potential of “silent genes” and summarized the means of activating “silent genes”， including changing culture conditions， chemically inducing gene cluster expression and biological mediation， in order to provide new avenues for the mining of secondary metabolites in marine Streptomyces.

Aquatic products are one of the important sources of healthy food for human beings， which contain a large amount of high-quality protein， unsaturated fat acids and other important nutrients. However， the fishy smell of aquatic products limits their production and consumption. Therefore， understanding the composition and production pathways of fishy substances plays an important role in suppressing fishy odor and improving the competitiveness of aquatic products. The source of fishy smell of aquatic products includes absorption of volatile substances in the environment， lipid oxidation and decomposition of trimethylamine N-oxide， mainly including alcohols， aldehydes， amines， etc. The detection technology of fishy substances includes chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The deodorization technology of aquatic products mainly includes three categories： physical， chemical， and biological deodorization. This article reviewed the latest research progress in the mechanism， detection， and removal techniques of fishy substances in aquatic products， in order to provide reference for improving the quality of aquatic products and developing deodorants in China.

Streptomyces is widely distributed in various ecological environments as the most advanced actinomycete. It has complex and unique morphological differentiation cycles and strong secondary metabolic abilities. Secondary metabolites of Streptomyces have many biological activities such as anti-infection， anti-tumor， anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant， immune adjustment and other biological activities， which is one of the main sources of natural active products. In recent years， with the development of marine resources， many new types of marine Streptomyces and their rich secondary metabolites have been discovered. The research on secondary metabolites of marine Streptomyces was reviewed， and the bioactive substances， breeding and fermentation culture of marine Streptomyces were summarized， in order to provide reference and help in shortening the fermentation cycle of marine Streptomyces， improving the yield and activity of secondary metabolites， and developing new marine drugs.

Social hierarchy determines the allocation of resources within an animal population， reduces unnecessary fighting between populations， and plays an important role in the survival and reproduction of animals. Studying the social hierarchy has important theoretical significance and applied values for improving the production of shrimps and crabs in aquaculture， but there have been no in-depth reports yet. This paper summarized the types of social hierarchy of shrimps and crabs， and further reviewed the internal and external factors affecting the formation of social hierarchy and the behavioral changes of shrimps and crabs affected by social hierarchy and the mechanism of pheromone， as well as chemical communication in social behavior. Meanwhile， prospects were made for future research on social hierarchy of shrimps and crabs， aiming to provide a reference for in-depth exploration of the biological traits of shrimps and crabs in aquaculture.