The journal may issue corrections or retractions when necessary. Articles published online or in print are regarded as final versions. Corrections or retractions to published articles will generally not be made except under special circumstances.

1. Corrections: If an article contains unintended scientific errors that do not materially affect the results and conclusions of the work, the Editorial Office will promptly publish a corrigendum in the journal and relevant databases, detailing the changes made to the original article, indicating its bibliographic information, and replacing the article with the corrected version.

2. Retractions: The Editorial Office will retract an article under the following conditions: (1) The article contains serious scientific errors that render its results and conclusions unreliable; (2) For articles suspected of academic misconduct such as plagiarism or data fabrication, the Editorial Office will launch an investigation and publish a notice to inform readers of the potential risks. The outcome of the investigation will be made public. If academic misconduct is confirmed, the Editorial Office will retract the article and publish a formal retraction notice.