In recent years， the quality and added value of edible fungi have been significantly improved through the cutting-edge technological innovation. However， a challenge of homogenization has also led to practical problems such as upgrading and structural adjustment of the edible fungus industry. The development of social economy has put forward higher requirements for the industry to better respond to new development concepts including “low carbon”“green” and “recycling”. In this review， we summarized the research progress and innovative applications of mushroom-based synthetic biology， hoping to incorporate this rapidly developing field into the new track of fungal biotechnology change in China and other countries. It also focused on the difficulties in the development of mushroom-based circular economy， human health and pharmacy， alternative proteins， alternative leather， pollution control， and aerospace， and proposes countermeasures to solve these problems using synthetic biology. It is hoped that in the future， the mushroom-based synthetic biology can better promote sustainable socio-economic and ecological development.
The genome of Auricularia heimuer Dai13782 was used as the reference genome， while the genomes of A. subglabra SS5， A. auricula-judae B14-8， A. cornea CCMJ2827， and A. cornea ACW001 from the NCBI database were utilized as the test data. The genome variation data of A. heimuer and its related species were analyzed using Bwa， Samtools and Bcftools. The genetic relationship matrix was obtained using Tassel 5 software， and the genetic relationships among five strains were visualized using the pheatmap package. VCFtools-0.1.16 software was used to filter and extract abundant single nucleotide polymorphisms （aSNPs）， specifically aSNP regions with a SNP count equal to or greater than 50 in a 300 bp sliding window. Subsequently， 47 407 pairs of primers were designed using Primer 3 software. E-PCR results showed that 1 020 pairs of primers met the experimental design， involving 8 aSNP regions. Each region retained 1 pair of specific primers， which were distributed in 6 contig regions of the reference genome. In this experiment， the commonly used ITS and LSU were employed as reference markers， and the genetic relationship of 13 A. heimuer strains was analyzed using aSNP markers. The results showed that the phylogenetic relationships revealed by aSNP markers were generally consistent with the results of ITS and LSU markers， and even better able to distinguish closely related A. heimuer strains. On the whole， it reflects that A. heimuer strains are relatively close to A. corne， and farthest from A. subglabra. This result is consistent with the genetic relationship revealed by the whole-genome SNP analysis， which also confirms the reliability of the results based on aSNP sequence analysis. The aSNP marker sequence interval developed in the experiment contains numerous mutation sites， which is expected to serve as a beneficial supplement to traditional target analysis sequences such as ITS， Rpb2， and Ef1α， providing assistance for the systematic development and genetic identification of A. heimuer and other germplasm resources.
Flammulina filiformis， a famous medicinal and edible mushroom fungus in china， has a good prospect for development and application. An efficient and stable genetic transformation system is a key technology for studying its gene function. In currently， Agrobacterium-mediated gene transferring is one of the major methods in genetic transformation of F. filiformis. In this paper， key factors involved in Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of F. filiformis incluing recipient tissue， Agrobacterium strains， binary vectors， acestosyringone， and co-culture time were systematically reviewed. The progress of Agrobacteria-mediated transformation technology in the study of gene function of F. filiformis was summarized， and the existing issues and application prospects of this technology were briefly discussed. The aim of this study is to provide a reference for the establishment of an efficient Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation system of F. filiformis for the future.
Lentinula edodes， as an important edible fungus in China， has a long history of cultivation. It is now widely used in the fields of food and medicine worldwide. Lentinula edodes is rich in bioactive polysaccharides， especially β-glucan. Since the discovery of the anticancer biological activity of lentinan in the 1970 s， the research on the activity of lentinan has never stopped. Studies have shown that lentinan possesses a variety of significant biological activities， including antioxidant， anti-tumor， anti-aging， anti-inflammatory， immunomodulatory， antiviral， hepatoprotective， and cholesterol-lowering effects. The isolation， purification， chemical properties， and biological activities of lentinan have always attracted close attention from scholars around the world. Based on the previous work， this article comprehensively summarized the latest research progress of lentinan， including the separation methods of lentinan and the impact of different separation methods on its structural activity， the relationship between structural characteristics and polysaccharide biological activity， and the mechanism of action of lentinan in exerting biological activity. The paper was expected to provide valuable information references for the further application of lentinan in the fields of medical treatment and functional foods.
The Uyghur medicine Fomes officinalis （Vill. ex Fr.） Ames is a commonly used ethnic medicine， mainly the fruiting body of Ames in the polyporus fungi family. In this paper， the name， origin， drug properties， efficacy and compound preparations of Fomes officinalis （Vill. ex Fr.） Ames， a Uygur medicine， were collated. The triterpenoid acid， sterols， aromatics， sesquiterpene and other chemical components isolated and identified from Fomes officinalis （Vill. ex Fr.） Ames were systematically sorted out and the modern pharmacological analysis was conducted on Uyghur Fomes officinalis （Vill. ex Fr.） Ames. At present， it is known that the Uyghur medicine Fomes officinalis （Vill. ex Fr.） Ames has multiple pharmacological effects such as anti-tumor， antioxidant， immune regulation， cough and expectorant， anti Alzheimer's disease， antibacterial， anti-inflammatory， anti-aging， etc. Given the rich medicinal value and enormous development potential of Fomes officinalis （Vill. ex Fr.）， this article reviewed the progress its herbal research， chemical composition， and modern pharmacological research， aiming to provide reference for the clinical application and development of Uyghur medicine.
Sanghuangporus baumii is a kind of large medicinal fungus， not only a precious traditional Chinese medicinal herb， but also has become the main strain for artificial cultivation of Sanghuang. The modern research has been found that Sanghuang contains various chemical components such as flavonoids， polysaccharides， polyphenols， and terpenes， and has pharmacological activities such as anti-tumor， antioxidant， anti-inflammatory， hepatoprotective， and anti-liver cirrhosis. The article systematically organized the extraction and separation methods of the anti-tumor active components in Sanghuang， and elaborated on the ways to achieve the inhibitory effect of Sanghuang on tumor cell， in order to provide theoretical reference for the research and application of Sanghuang in the field of medicine.
Simplicillium lanosoniveum has been reported to have a variety of biological effects， and has been traditionally used as a biological control agent. However， there were few reports on its liquid fermentation. In this study， a hyphomycetous fungus SL001 isolated from Stemonitis splendens was identified as S. lanosoniveum through morphology and phylogenetic analysis. Then， taking mycelial biomass and exopolysaccharides yield as indicators， the composition and proportion of fermentation medium were optimized through single-factor and orthogonal experiments to clarify the nutritional needs of liquid fermentation.The results showed that the highest mycelial biomass and exopolysaccharides yield were harvested under the nutritional conditions of 40 g·L-1 maltose， 3 g·L-1 peptone and 1 g·L-1 KH2PO4， and the influence on mycelial biomass of S. lanosoniveum was maltose>peptone>KH2PO4. Finally， the culture conditions were further optimized based on nutritional needs. The results showed that the optimum liquid fermentation conditions were 28 ℃， pH 5.5， 150 r·min-1， 80 mL/250 mL and 6% inoculum size. The mycelial biomass and exopolysaccharides yield were as high as 1.69 g·100 mL-1 and 3.968 mg·mL-1 respectively， which were significantly different from the control （P<0.01）. This work provides a theoretical basis for further research on antibacterial agent function and industrial production of S. lanosoniveum.
The effects of mineral elements and phytohormones on mycelial growth and extracellular polysaccharide production of Morchella were discussed. The Morchella spp. was used as the test material. The diameter of colony on the different media was used as the inspection index to study the effect of different concentrations of mineral elements and hormones on mycelial growth of Morchella mycelium. Then， from each substance， several preferred mass concentrations and configure the culture medium were selected according to these mass concentrations to culture Morchella esculenta， and measured the polysaccharide content was measured. Results showed that， CaSO4 in mineral elements played an important role in promoting the growth of Morchella esculenta. The effect was most obvious when the mass concentration was 10 g·L-1. Low concentrations of MgSO4 （<0.1 g·L-1） promoted the growth of Morchella. At the concentration of 0.01 g·L-1， the promotion effect was the strongest occured， and when the concentration was too high， the inhibition effect appeared and the inhibitory effect becomed more and more obvious with increasing concentration； salicylic acid had no obvious effect on the growth of Morchella. Methyl jasmonate at a suitable mass concentration （0.005~0.050 mg·L-1） could promote the growth of Morchella mycelia. A certain concentration of CaSO4 （about 10 g·L-1） could promote the production of extracellular polysaccharides from Morchella. The higher the mass concentration of MgSO4 was， the higher the total amount of extracellular polysaccharides of Morchella was. Appropriate concentration of CaSO4， MgSO4 and methyl jasmonate can promote the growth of Morchella mycelium， and salicylic acid had no effect on the growth of Morchella. CaSO4 has a dual effect on the production of extracellular polysaccharides from Morchella. it not only inhibits the production of extracellular polysaccharides， but also promotes the production of extracellular polysaccharides. MgSO4 shows a promotion effect on the production of extracelluar poly saccharicles.
Mulberry trees are widely planted in China， and the branches pruned every year are under-utilised. The cellulose， hemicellulose， lignin and other components contained in the wood chips of mulberry branches are just the ideal substrate raw materials for the growth of edible fungi. To study the effects of different mulberry twig wood chips additions on the mycelial growth status， fruiting body yield， morphology， biological efficiency and economic benefits of tea tree mushrooms （Agrocybe aegerita）， and to provide a theoretical basis for the application of new cultivation substrates. Agrocybe aegerita were used as test material for the cultivation experiment at different additions of mulberry wood chips at 20%， 40%， 60% and 80%， with no addition of mulberry wood chips as control （CK）. The addition of different proportions of mulberry wood chips promoted mycelial growth and increased fruiting body yield and biological efficiency. At 80%， the biological efficiency was 17.06% higher than that of CK， and the input-output ratio was 1∶2.25. In this study， the use of mulberry wood shavings instead of cottonseed husk for cultivation of Agrocybe aegerita reduced the cost of production， improved the biological efficiency and the input-output ratio， and increased the supply of raw materials for the cultivation of Agrocybe aegerita， avoiding the pollution of mulberry twigs to the environment and the waste of resources.
In order to screen post-harvest drying techniques that is suitable for the quality enhancement of Stropharia rugosoannulata mushroom， this study investigated the effects of heat pump drying and radio frequency drying on the flavor content and quality of S. rugosoannulata mushrooms. The effects of different drying technology on the flavor content and quality of the mushroom samples were found to be significant. Lipids， alkanes， and heterocyclic substances were the main volatile compounds in the radio frequency drying samples， and aldehydes， ketones， and alcohols were the main volatile compounds in the heat pump drying samples， and the volatile components were mainly enriched in the anabolic pathways of primary alcohols， ketones， and heteroaromatic compounds. Sweet and umami amino acids were the main amino acid types in both drying samples， with glutamic acid， serine， alanine， and valine being the main amino acids. The total amount of taste components， including nucleotides， amino acids， and organic acids， and the value of equivalent umami concentration were higher in the heat pump drying samples than those in the radio frequency drying samples. The electronic tongue and electronic nose response signals of umami and sweet taste components， and volatile components such as sulfides and aromatic compounds in the heat pump drying samples were higher. The results of flavor components， sensory and textural analyses showed that the heat pump drying technology was more conducive to the formation of pleasant flavor and better-quality appearance of dried S. rugosoannulata mushrooms， and this technology is expected to be further popularized and applied to improve the post-harvest quality of S. rugosoannulata mushrooms.
To figure out how different ways of preservation affect the amount of nitrite and the number of bacteria in edible mushroom dishes， we chose four common types of edible mushrooms like Lentinula edodes， Flammulina filiformis， Pleurotus eryngii and Tremella fuciformis Berk after they were processed， and measured the related contents in the dishes at different temperatures and for different periods of time. Four types of edible mushroom dishes were preserved at temperatures of 4 ℃ and 22 ℃， with measurements of nitrite levels， nitrate concentrations， and bacterial counts taken at intervals of 0， 12， 24， 48， and 72 hours. After being stored at 22 ℃ for 72 hours， the Lentinula edodes， Flammulina filiformis， Pleurotus eryngii and Tremella fuciformis Berk dishes showed a more significant increase in nitrite content and a more significant decrease in nitrate content compared to those stored at 4 ℃. Furthermore， the nitrite concentrations in all four edible mushroom products remained within the national safety standard of 20 mg·kg-1 following this preservation period. Following a 72-hour storage period， the bacterial counts in Lentinula edodes， Flammulina filiformis， Pleurotus eryngii and Tremella fuciformis Berk were found to be elevated at 22 ℃. From a temporal perspective， it is advisable to consume fresh edible fungi products as promptly as possible. If preservation is necessary， it is recommended that Lentinula edodes， Flammulina filiformis， Pleurotus eryngii and Tremella fuciformis Berk be stored in a refrigerator at 4 ℃.
