Under the dual pressures of global population growth and arable land decreasing， the sustainable development of agriculture is urgent. Biological control， by utilizing natural enemies， beneficial microorganisms， and other beneficial organisms to suppress pests and pathogens， demonstrates great potential and it is an effective approach in modern agricultural pest and disease management. This article outlined the importance of biological control in sustainable agriculture and its positive role in protecting biodiversity and the environment. It detailed the application of pest natural enemies， the use of beneficial microorganisms to control plant diseases， the development of antagonist bacteria screening techniques， and the application of omics and nanotechnology. Finally， several improvement strategies were proposed， aimed at providing valuable references and guidance for the research and practical application of biological control， thereby enhanced the understanding and application of biological control technologies and promoted the development of sustainable agriculture.

Exopolysaccharides are multifunctional glycan compounds synthesized by microorganisms. In recent years， it has been found that exopolysaccharides have the functions of adsorption， hydrophilicity， cohesiveness and immune activity， which have attracted extensive attention in the field of multidisciplinary researches. At present， the production and purification process of exopolysaccharides has several problems， such as high cost and low yield， which limit the large-scale production and commercial application. In this review， the microbial sources， biological characteristics and physiological functions of exopolysaccharides were systematically introduced， the biosynthetic mechanisms of several exopolysaccharides with industrial application potentials were emphatically summarized， and the latest application directions of exopolysaccharides were listed. Moreover， the biosynthetic mechanisms， the large-scale production， and multi-field application of exopolysaccharides were prospected. Therefore， this review was expected to provide a reference for the further development and utilization， in-depth study of the function and activity mechanism， and the optimization of fermentation production process of microbial exopolysaccharides， and the extensive application in multiple disciplines and fields.

Antibiotic resistance has become one of the most critical threats to global health. The emergence of multi-drug resistant bacterial infections has led to increasingly high morbidity and mortality rates across medical， industrial， agricultural， and ecological domains. Phages can specifically lyse multi-drug resistant pathogens. However， due to their narrow host range， the presence of unfavorable genes in their genomes， and other limitations， only a limited number of phages have been successfully applied to combat multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. With editable and efficient features， phage genetic engineering provides a promising approach for expanding phage host ranges and designing "safe， green， and efficient" novel phages. This review systematically summarized recent advances in phage genetic engineering technologies while highlighting their practical applications in clinical therapies against drug-resistant infections， agricultural production， and ecological remediation. These insights established theoretical foundations for phage modification and their effective utilization in diverse fields.

Gene editing technology is one of the essential biological breeding technologies. With the rapid development of biological breeding industrialization， agricultural gene editing products have shown a rapid growth trend. However， the speed of development of its identification and traceability detection technology cannot correspond to intellectual property protection and regulatory requirements. This seriously restricts the development of the industry. In this paper， we focused on the main gene editing systems， the technology advantages of various gene editing systems， and target editing types. Moreover， we analyzed the characteristics， advantages， and disadvantages of detection technology for gene editing products. Furthermore， three suggestions， innovation of detection technology， integration of detection and evaluation technology， and supervision technology system refinement， were proposed to provide reference for the research on the identification， traceability technology of agricultural gene editing products and technical support for improving the supervision system of agricultural biotechnology products.

Iron is an essential trace element for plants and plant pathogens. Although the iron content is rich in soil， it couldn't be absorbed directly by plants due to the iron existing with the form of insoluble compounds. To supply growth and development， the plants， with long-term evolution process， have formed two iron absorption systems based on the reduction mechanism and chelation mechanism， and iron transport systems. Here， we reviewed the progress of the two strategies and molecular mechanisms of iron uptake in plants， the transport of iron in plant cells and the pathways in response to iron signaling in plants， the influence of iron on plant immune responses， the effect on pathogenicity of pathogens， and the functional mechanism of iron in plant-pathogen interaction. The aim of this review was providing reference for the study of iron signaling pathways in plant and the function of iron in plant-pathogen interaction，providing new ideas for crop cultivation.

CRISPR/Cas9 is an efficient and accurate gene editing technology， which is widely used in the field of livestock and poultry gene editing. This paper introduced the research progress and application of CRISPR/Cas9 technology in breeding of pig， cow， sheep and poultry， summarized the problems of its application in breeding， and prospected its future development trend， in order to provide reference for the future application of the technology in the field of livestock and poultry breeding.

Fusarium head blight （FHB）， caused by Fusarium graminearum， is one of the significant fungal diseases affecting wheat. FHB not only leads to severe yield loss in wheat but also poses a serious threat to human and animal health due to the production of mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol （DON）. Studies have shown that effectors and DON play crucial roles during the early stages of F. graminearum infection in wheat. This review summarized the pathogenic mechanisms of F. graminearum， the molecular interaction of effectors and DON during the interaction process with wheat. The paper provided an outlook on the effective utilization of pathogenic genes in the future， with the aim of providing a theoretical reference for the study of the interaction mechanism between F. graminearum and wheat， as well as the prevention and control of FHB in wheat.

Microplastics （MPs） usually referres to plastic fibers， particles or films with a particle size of less than 5 mm， which are found in various environmental media in the ocean and land， and are the main pollutants in the ecosystem， which could be absorbed by organisms and produce ecological and health risks. Due to the characteristics of low cost and environmental friendliness， biodegradable MPs have broad application prospects， which is the general development trend of MPs degradation in the future. This paper reviewed the effects of MPs on the environment and various organisms， and introduced in detail the potential toxicity of MPs to humans， and discussed various ways （bacterial， fungal， biofilm） and mechanisms for degrading MPs. This review hopefully provided a scientific reference for further research on the ecological risks and efficient degradation strategies of microplastics.

Microbial fermentation of traditional Chinese medicinal materials serves as a pivotal technique for novel drug discovery in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） processing. While contemporary biotechnology advancements have progressively clarified the mechanisms and processes underlying TCM fermentation， persisting challenges include the selection of appropriate microbial strains， elucidation of fermentation mechanisms， determination of relationships between fermentation endpoints and quality control markers， and standardization of fermentation protocols. This review systematically summarized the specific microbial mechanisms involved in TCM fermentation and evaluated current research through three critical dimensions： functional diversity of fermentative microorganisms， biochemical mechanisms of fermentation， and process optimization strategies. Furthermore， it prospected future developmental trajectories in this field. The review aimed to provide theoretical foundations and technological references for defining fermentation endpoints， establishing quality standards， optimizing standardized processes， and advancing drug innovation within the TCM industry chain.

The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats associated proteins （CRISPR) system is an acquired immune system of prokaryotes. The CRISPR/Cas9 system， developed based on the bacterial immune system CRISPR， is changing biology and basic medical research， and is one of the most efficient， simplest and cost-effective gene editing and modification technologies available. However， there is currently a lack of strategies for effectively delivering CRISPR systems to diseased cells in vivo， and non-viral vectors with target recognition capabilities may be the focus of future research， with pathological and physiological changes caused by disease onset promising as identifying factors for targeted delivery or gene editing targets. This article provided an overview of existing gene editing tools and the advantages of the CRISPR/Cas9 system， summarized the application of CRISPR/Cas9 in the field of therapy， and discussed the problems and challenges encountered in CRISPR/Cas9-mediated therapy， in order to promote the advancement of CRISPR/Cas9 therapeutical technology and provide new perspectives for treating other complex diseases.

Biopharmaceuticals have achieved increasingly significant therapeutic effects in the treatment of tumors， autoimmune diseases and other complex diseases. However， there is a risk of immunogenicity when using biopharmaceuticals for treatment， which can reduce drug efficacy and affect treatment outcomes， even cause severe adverse reactions. Reducing or eliminating the immunogenicity of biopharmaceuticals on the basis of maintaining their pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy has become an important aspect of the drug development process. Understanding the complex mechanisms driving the immunogenicity of biopharmaceuticals and developing effective strategies to reduce immunogenicity risks are crucial for improving drug efficacy and safety. The article reviewed the development of mechanism of immunogenicity in biopharmaceuticals， discussed the factors that affected immunogenicity and focused on strategies used to reduce immunogenicity in drug development， in order to provide a reference for the research and development of biopharmaceuticals.

Antibody drugs have gone through three stages： polyclonal antibody， monoclonal antibody and genetically engineered antibody. With the continuous deepening of human research on antibody drugs， a variety of antibody screening technologies have emerged， such as polyclonal antibody technology， hybridoma antibody technology， antibody library display technology and transgenic mouse technology. Antibody drugs have a very large development prospect. The article summarized the characteristics of various antibody drug screening technologies， and discussed the challenges faced by antibody drug research and development， in order to provide reference for the subsequent development of antibody technology.

Protein post-translational modifications （PTMs） play a crucial role in plant growth and development. They significantly impact plant growth， development， and the ability to adapt to environmental stresses by fine-tuning the structure， stability， and activity of proteins. While the lignin biosynthetic pathway and its upstream transcriptional regulation have been extensively investigated， research on PTMs in this context remains relatively limited. This review summarized the latest advancements in understanding the regulation of lignin biosynthesis by PTMs， particularly focusing on four significant types： phosphorylation， ubiquitination， glycosylation， and S-nitrosylation. It highlighted the regulatory mechanisms of these PTMs on key enzymes and transcription factors involved in lignin biosynthesis， aiming to enhance our comprehension of the regulatory networks governing lignin biosynthesis and provide valuable insights and references for the precise spatiotemporal modulation of this crucial process in plants.

Spermidine （Spd） is a type of trimethylamine metabolite widely present in living organisms. However， the abundance of Spd in natural biological systems is extremely low and traditional chemical synthesis methods are cumbersome and environmentally burden some， making it difficult for existing production mode to meet the increasing market demand. This review systematically summarized the biosynthesis mechanism of spermidine， with a focus on analyzing three pathways of spermidine synthesis， including the classical spermidine synthase spermidine synthase （SPDS） pathway， the synthesis pathway based on carboxyaminopropylagmatine （CAPA）， and the pathway based on L-aspartate-4-semialdehyde （L-Asa）. The differences in key pathway enzymes， the distribution of precursor substance metabolic flow， and the efficiency of transmembrane transport were explored， and the research progress of metabolic engineering and enzyme engineering strategies in optimizing the spermidine pathway was summarized. The bottleneck problems existing in the current spermidine biosynthesis system were analyzed， aiming to provide theoretical support and technical references for constructing high-yield cell factories and promoting the industrialized biological manufacturing of spermidine.

Plant polyphenols are a complex class of phenolic secondary metabolites with polyphenol structure in the plants， which can cope with oxidative damage caused by biotic and abiotic stresses. Therefore plant polyphenols play important roles in plant growth and development. Light has a crucial impact on plant growth and development and polyphenol synthesis， which mainly affects the synthesis of polyphenols by regulating metabolic pathway genes such as phenylpropanoid pathway. The paper briefly described the synthesis pathway of polyphenols， and summarized the effects of light on thesynthesis of polyphenols from three aspects： photoperiod， light intensity and light quality， aiming to provide theoretical basis for future research on the regulatory mechanisms of polyphenol production.

Plant-derived bioreactors which produce pharmaceutical and industrial bioproducts utilizing transgenic technology represent one of the fastest-growing categories of biotechnological products in research and application. Plants are increasingly employed as biofactories to produce high-quality biopharmaceuticals， including antibodies， vaccines， therapeutic proteins， hormones， and cytokines， along with bioproducts for cosmetics， food， and the chemical industry. These products serve as medicines and biomaterials in pharmaceutical and industrial sectors. This article explored the significant potential of transgenic plants as production platforms， reviewed recent research advances in plant-derived bioproducts， and highlighted their multifunctional applications across diverse fields such as medicine， industry， and agriculture. It also examined the safety evaluation frameworks and regulatory policies governing such plants in regions including the United States and the European Union. This review aimed to provide insights for enhancing safety assessment and regulation of medicinal and industrial transgenic plants in China.

Chlorogenic acid （CGA） is a common phenolic compound found in plants， primarily sourced from coffee， tea， fruits， and vegetables. Although chlorogenic acid is synthesized via the phenylalanine metabolic pathway， its synthesis and regulatory mechanisms remain largely unclear. This review summarized key rate-limiting enzymes and transcription factors involved in chlorogenic acid biosynthesis， examines biological and non-biological factors affecting its content， and aimed to provide theoretical support and target genes for future regulation of chlorogenic acid synthesis in plants.

After the infection of Agrobacterium rhizogenes， a large number of fast-growing adventitious roots were induced in plants， usually called hairy roots. Hairy roots were characterized by rapid growth， stable heredity， growth autonomously without the addition of exogenous hormones and synthesis of secondary metabolites. By optimizing the cultivation conditions， the goal of increasing the yield of secondary metabolites was achieved. The mechanism of hairy roots induced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes in plants was briefly explained in this paper. The influence factors of the synthesis of secondary metabolites in hairy roots and the application of hairy roots in the synthesis of secondary metabolites， environmental remediation， and plant regeneration in the past 5 years were emphatically introduced. The problems existing in the cultivation process of hairy roots were summarized， aiming to provide reference for the research and application in hairy roots.

As an important class of secondary metabolites， polyketides are widely found in marine organisms and rich in biological activities such as antitumor， antibacterial， antiviral， antioxidant， and enzyme inhibition. In recent years， with the exploitation of marine resources， many novel polyketides of marine fungal origin have been discovered， which are considered to be an important source of new drugs. In this paper， the research progress of marine fungal-derived polyketides was reviewed from five aspects： research overview， biosynthetic pathway， fermentation and isolation， and biological activity， which was expected to provide reference for the study of development and application on polyketides from marine fungi.

Wheat is one of the most widely grown crops in the world and its plant height is an important factor in optimizing harvest index and maximize grain yield. This review systematically summarized the classification and pleiotropy characteristics of wheat Rht genes， as well as the application of gene functional markers in wheat breeding. The sensitivity and research progress of 26 genes related to plant height to gibberellins were discussed and the feasibility of exploiting new dwarf genes by various technical means and their potential in wheat genetic breeding were prospected， in order to provide theoretical reference for improving wheat yield research.