Spermidine （Spd） is a type of trimethylamine metabolite widely present in living organisms. However， the abundance of Spd in natural biological systems is extremely low and traditional chemical synthesis methods are cumbersome and environmentally burden some， making it difficult for existing production mode to meet the increasing market demand. This review systematically summarized the biosynthesis mechanism of spermidine， with a focus on analyzing three pathways of spermidine synthesis， including the classical spermidine synthase spermidine synthase （SPDS） pathway， the synthesis pathway based on carboxyaminopropylagmatine （CAPA）， and the pathway based on L-aspartate-4-semialdehyde （L-Asa）. The differences in key pathway enzymes， the distribution of precursor substance metabolic flow， and the efficiency of transmembrane transport were explored， and the research progress of metabolic engineering and enzyme engineering strategies in optimizing the spermidine pathway was summarized. The bottleneck problems existing in the current spermidine biosynthesis system were analyzed， aiming to provide theoretical support and technical references for constructing high-yield cell factories and promoting the industrialized biological manufacturing of spermidine.

Plant-derived bioreactors which produce pharmaceutical and industrial bioproducts utilizing transgenic technology represent one of the fastest-growing categories of biotechnological products in research and application. Plants are increasingly employed as biofactories to produce high-quality biopharmaceuticals， including antibodies， vaccines， therapeutic proteins， hormones， and cytokines， along with bioproducts for cosmetics， food， and the chemical industry. These products serve as medicines and biomaterials in pharmaceutical and industrial sectors. This article explored the significant potential of transgenic plants as production platforms， reviewed recent research advances in plant-derived bioproducts， and highlighted their multifunctional applications across diverse fields such as medicine， industry， and agriculture. It also examined the safety evaluation frameworks and regulatory policies governing such plants in regions including the United States and the European Union. This review aimed to provide insights for enhancing safety assessment and regulation of medicinal and industrial transgenic plants in China.

Chlorogenic acid （CGA） is the most abundant polyphenolic compound in tobacco leaves， playing a crucial role in tobacco growth and development as well as cigarette smoke quality. It can serve as a key indicator to evaluate tobacco leaf quality. The biosynthesis and regulation mechanisms of CGA in tobacco have long been the focus of attention among tobacco researchers， while studies on the biological activities of CGA have also extended to fields including medicine， healthcare， and food science. This paper comprehensively reviewed the synthesis pathway， biological activities， and applications of CGA in tobacco， along with the factors influencing CGA biosynthesis in tobacco and the key enzyme genes involved in its synthesis pathway. The aim of this review was to provide a theoretical foundation for the in-depth research， development， and application of CGA metabolic regulation and biological activities in tobacco and other plants.

White poplar （Populus sect. Leuce） is an important poplar species widely cultivated in China. However， most of its varieties exhibit difficulties in cutting rooting， which limits the application of superior white poplar clones in breeding and the large-scale propagation of high-quality cultivars. Root suckers， characterized by rapid growth and high survival rates， have become a key technique for clonal propagation and afforestation of elite white poplar varieties. Currently， the molecular mechanism of root sucker formation in poplars remains not to be clarified. This review systematically summarized the morphological characteristics of root sucker formation in poplars and the factors influencing this process， and explored potential molecular signaling pathways and gene regulatory networks involved in root sucker initiation. The article not only provided theoretical support for developing precision cultivation and management strategies to enhance the efficiency of clonal propagation via root suckers， but also offered novel insights into the molecular regulatory mechanisms of root sucker formation， which is of great significance for advancing forest genetic improvement and the breeding of superior tree varieties.

The field-effect transistor （FET） biosensor is a type of sensor based on the principle of detecting biomolecules or biomarkers. Due to the signal amplification characteristics of its electric field effect， it enables the detection of biomolecular interactions at extremely low concentrations， further enabling biomolecular recognition. In the field of nucleic acid detection， this approach offers the unique advantage of eliminating the need for nucleic acid amplification， resulting in shorter detection times. Additionally， FET biosensors also excel in nucleic acid detection performance， portability， and cost-effectiveness. Overall， FET biosensors can achieve ultra-rapid and ultra-sensitive targeted identification of viral genes. Combined with microfluidic technology， nanomaterials， or flexible electronic materials， they hold significant promise for application in food safety， clinical diagnosis， genotyping， biosafety， and other fields. To facilitate the better application of FET sensors in biological detection， this review summarized the current applications of FET biosensors in nucleic acid detection and provided a classification and discussion based on the biological recognition layer， aiming to offer insights for future research in this area.

Soybean meal serves as an important plant protein source widely utilized in feed and food industries. However， the presence of anti-nutritional factors （such as antigenic protein and non-starch polysaccharides） limits its nutritional value. Enzymatic hydrolysis has emerged as a novel in vitro pretreatment method to enhance the nutritional quality of soybean meal， with commonly used enzymes including proteases， cellulases， and galactosidases. The review systematically summarzied the types of anti nutritional factor in soybean meal， different enzyme preparations and their mechanisms of action， and the research process on the application of enzyme preparations， aiming to provide theoretical foundations and technical references for enzyme selection in soybean meal enzymatic hydrolysis processes.

The clinical success of antibody-drug conjugates （ADCs） has driven the rapid development of novel conjugate drugs， including radionuclide drug conjugates （RDCs）， peptide drug conjugates （PDCs）， and small molecule drug conjugates （SMDCs）. These drugs offer significant advantages in cancer treatment by integrating targeted delivery with efficient payload release and are progressively expanding into disease diagnosis and therapeutic areas beyond oncology. This article systematically reviewed the current landscape of conjugate drugs， coupling technologies， recent progress， and clinical translation， while exploring future directions in expanding indications， technological advancements， and integrated theranostic applications.

In recent years， China has achieved significant progress in the application of biological breeding technologies. However， there remains considerable scope for breakthroughs in basic theoretical research， core technology development， and market cultivation of major varieties. Biological breeding is a core driver of innovation in the modern bio-breeding industry， which innovates breeding techniques， methods， and products， thereby enhancing the yield， quality， and adaptability of crops. These improvements aim to meet the increasing global demand for food and address environmental challenges. Developed countries and international seed industry giants have integrated biotechnology with big data， artificial intelligence， and other cutting-edge technologies to propel the seed industry into the "Seed Industry 4.0" era， and the breeding mode is shifting from traditional "hybrid selection" to "intelligent selection and breeding". Based on this， the article reviewed the development history of biological breeding technology， the current status of the domestic and international biological breeding industry， summarized the innovation and application of key technologies in biological breeding， discussed the problems and challenges facing the industrialization of biological breeding， and looked forward to future development trends， in order to provide reference for enhancing China's biological breeding innovation capabilities and seed industry development.

Star anise （Illicium verum Hook. f.） belongs to the Magnoliaceae family， a medicinal-food homologous plant endemic to China， has current research primarily focused on the development and utilization of its chemical components and pharmacological effects. However， challenges remain in the systematic identification of its chemical composition， insufficient quantitative data on pharmacological effects， and the absence of standardized protocols for processing and extraction technologies. The review systematically sorted out the main constituents， including volatile oils， phenolic acids， flavonoids， and sesquiterpene lactones， analysed the pharmacological activities such as antibacterial， analgesic， anti-inflammatory， and antioxidant effects and summarized the main points of extraction techiniques， analysis and fresh material processing technology. It provides strong support for improving the research methods and technological standards of star anise， improving the efficiency of resource utilization and industrial application.

Autophagy and apoptosis are the key physiological processes to maintain cell homeostasis， and their interaction has important pathological significance in tumors， neurodegenerative diseases and cardiovascular diseases. The molecular mechanism of the two dynamic regulatory networks has not been fully analyzed in the existing studies， and the strategies targeting the regulation of autophagy and apoptosis balance in disease treatment are still lacking in accuracy. Studies have shown that through a bidirectional regulatory mechanism and targeting key hub proteins can synergically inhibit apoptosis and activate autophagy. The review summarized the interaction mechanism between artophagy and apoptosis， as well as the research progress in tumors， neurodegenerative diseases， and heart disease， in order to provide a theoretical framework for analyzing cell death regulatory networks and lay an important foundation for developing precise therapeutic strategies based on the balance regulation of autophagy and apoptosis.

The occurrence and development of liver diseases are finely regulated by various cell types and their spatial organization patterns. Spatial transcriptomics （ST） can achieve spatial localization of gene expression at the tissue slice level and has become an important technique for analyzing liver tissue to reveal dynamic changes in the disease microenvironment. The review summarized the research progress of ST technology in various liver diseases， such as alcoholic fatty liver disease， liver fibrosis， and hepatocellular carcinoma， sorted out the applications in revealing tissue spatial heterogeneity， intercellular interactions， and dynamic changes， and analyzed the current bottlenecks and future development directions of the technology. The aim is to provide data foundation and theoretical support for biomarker discovery， targeted therapeutic design，and personalized treatment strategies for early diagnosis and intervention of liver diseases.

The essential derived variety （EDV） system is an intellectual property protection mechanism designed to protect the rights and interests of original breeders and encourage breeding innovation. With the progress of modern biotechnology and breeding technology， new varieties can be derived from original varieties by simple modification， which leads to challenges in the protection of original innovation. In order to balance the interests of breeders of original varieties and derived varieties， the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants （UPOV） formally established the concept of EDV in 1991. This paper systematically combed the origin and definition of EDV system， analyzed the principles and methods of EDV determination， and compared and analyzed the current situation and development trend of EDV protection system at home and abroad， with the aim of providing reference for the protection of breeding intellectual property.

Tumor invasion and metastasis are the primary causes of death in cancer patients. Circulating tumor cell （CTC）， as the seed cells of tumor metastasis， carries complete cellular biological information and hold significant importance in early diagnosis， prognosis assessment， and personalized treatment monitoring of tumors. However， due to the extremely low number of CTC in the blood， developing efficient enrichment and separation methods are crucial for the precise analysis of CTC. Immunomagnetic separation technology， with its advantages of high specificity and efficient enrichment， can effectively and specifically isolate and enrich target substances， providing a powerful tool for biomedical research and clinical diagnosis. As the cross-disciplinary integration and development of materials science， biotechnology， and electronic engineering technology， the application value of immunomagnetic separation technology in cutting-edge analytical areas has been enhanced， expecting to achieve significant breakthroughs in the field of CTC detection. This article reviewed the design of CTC immunomagnetic material， the CTC immunomagnetic separation and capture platform， and the combination of immunomagnetic separation technology with microfluidics， discussed the challenges and optimization strategies of immunomagnetic separation technology in CTC detection， in order to provide a reference for promoting the deeper application of CTC detection technology.

Microbes， as indispensable components of ecosystems， such as bacteria and fungi existed in nearly all natural environments can produce secondary metabolites with varying chemical structures and ecological functions，which endowed the producing strains with ecological niche protection functions. The article reviewed the research progress on the adaptability of secondary metabolites to microorganisms in ecological environments， with a focus on their functions in microbial attack and defense， quorum sensing， interspecies cooperative pathogenicity， virulence， regulation of morphological differentiation， and resistance to ultraviolet radiation. The ecological functions of secondary metabolites in microbial interactions and nutrient acquisition processes， as well as their potential application value in agriculture and medicine， were summarized. It also proposes the use of specific ecological environment microbial resources to mine active secondary metabolites， which would help meet the demand for new compounds with high activity and low toxicity in agriculture and medical fields.

Naematelia aurantialba （formerly Tremella aurantialba）， as a prized medicinal and edible fungus in China， is rich in various bioactive components， such as polysaccharides， amino acids， proteins， vitamins， and minerals. It exhibits a wide spectrum of biological activities， including antioxidant， hypoglycemic， hypolipidemic， immunomodulatory， anti-inflammatory， anticoagulant， and antitumor effects， underscoring its significant potential for development in the food and pharmaceutical industries. This review systematically compiled the bioactive components of N. aurantialba， the key factors influencing the biosynthesis and efficacy of these components， and the current status of its processing and product development. Future research directions were also discussed to provide insights for the further exploitation and utilization of this valuable resource.

Xylan， the main component of plant hemicellulose， is a complex pentosan polysaccharide characterized by abundant content， low cost and renewability. However， it suffers from problems such as poor degradability， low utilization rate， and easy causes of resource waste and environmental pollution. Xylanase is the primary enzyme for degrading xylan and boasts great development potential， being widely applied in the industrial， agricultural， pharmaceutical， food and other fields. Microorganisms are the major source of xylanase， and xylanases from different sources vary greatly， yet the common drawback of low enzyme activity exists universally. Therefore， screening high-yield xylanase-producing strains is of great significance for resource recycling. This paper briefly elaborated on the classification and structure of xylanase， the mutagenesis breeding methods of xylanase-producing strains， as well as the cloning and heterologous expression of xylanase genes， and revealed the hydrolysis mechanism of xylanase and its expression in bacterial and fungal expression systems， aiming to provide a reference for the research on xylanase production.

Mercury， as a global pollutant， represents a major research focus on public health due to its toxicity mechanisms and the development of prevention and control strategies. It mediates multi-organ toxicity through diverse pathways， including oxidative stress， epigenetic modifications， and mitochondrial dysfunction， with specific detrimental effects notably documented in the nervous， reproductive， and cardiovascular systems. Research has demonstrated that mercury exposure induces neuronal microtubule depolymerization， testicular fibrosis， and vascular endothelial dysfunction， and exacerbates multi-organ damage by activating inflammatory pathways such as NF-κB. Regarding prevention and treatment strategies， nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems and cellular adsorption techniques have significantly improved the targeting efficiency of chelation therapy. Concurrently， traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） formulations exhibit unique advantages in mitigating treatment-associated side effects. This review summarized the toxicity of mercury to humans and its damage mechanisms across various organ systems， along with current control measures. Future research directions should prioritize integrating multi-omics technologies to elucidate the complex networks underlying mercury toxicity and developing precision interventions based on epigenetic regulation， thereby providing a stronger theoretical foundation for the prevention and treatment of mercury poisoning.

Carbon-based nanomaterials have demonstrated extensive application prospects in fields including biomedicine， energy storage， and electronic devices， owing to their unique physicochemical properties. In recent years， significant advancements have been achieved in toxicological studies of these materials， but the mechanisms through which structural variations influence their cytotoxicity and immune effects remain not yet fully elucidated. This review systematically synthesized existing literature， meticulously comparing the performance of diverse carbon nanomaterials in both in vitro cellular assays and in vivo animal models， sorted out the structure-toxicity-immune effect relationships of carbon nanomaterials， and summarized the current research landscapes， development trends and research needs of toxicology research on carbon nanomaterials， in order to provid theoretical basis for their safety design.

The thioredoxin system represents a major antioxidant and redox regulatory system in biological systems， primarily composed of thioredoxin， thioredoxin reductase， and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate （NADPH）. This system plays a critical role in maintaining intracellular redox homeostasis， regulating signal transduction， and modulating cell proliferation and apoptosis. In recent years， extensive researches have elucidated the involvement of the thioredoxin system in the pathogenesis of various diseases， thereby offering novel therapeutic targets and strategies for related conditions. This review comprehensively examined the thioredoxin system-from its molecular architecture and mechanistic principles to its physiological and pathological functions- and evaluates its potential as a drug target. By also outlining future research avenues， it aims to deepen the mechanistic understanding of its pathophysiological roles and provide a foundation for innovating targeted therapies.

Therapeutic recombinant proteins， characterized by their high specificity， safety and minimal adverse reactions， play a crucial role in the clinical treatment of various diseases. Yeast， as a single-celled eukaryotic microorganism， has become the preferred host for expressing therapeutic recombinant proteins due to its similarity in protein secretion pathways with higher eukaryotes. However， bottlenecks remain in both the quality and production efficiency of yeast-expressed therapeutic recombinant proteins. The review summarized the latest advances in synthetic biology approaches to construct yeast cell with enhanced protein folding and secretion capabilities， with a focus on advanced cellular engineering strategies， including endoplasmic reticulum （ER） and protein trafficking pathway engineering， and humanization of glycosylation modification， in order to provide reference for improving the quality and yield of therapeutic recombinant proteins.