With the evolution of natural species and the progress of agricultural science and technology over the past thousands of years， the world’s agricultural breeding has experienced three epochal leaps from primitive breeding to traditional breeding， and then to molecular breeding. Biological breeding is the abbreviation of “biotechnology breeding”， and belongs to a new generation of molecular breeding technology that integrates all kinds of cutting?edge technologies from transgenic breeding 3.0 to intelligent design breeding 4.0. Among them， the most representative technologies include genome?wide selection， genomic editing and synthetic biotechnology for breeding revolutionary and disruptive agricultural new varieties. This paper systematically reviewed the development course of agricultural transgenic breeding and biotechnology breeding at home and abroad， analyzed the severe challenges faced by China’s biological breeding， and put forward the countermeasures to accelerate the innovation and industrialization of biological breeding in China.

With the rapid development of biotechnology， the technology of food fermentation engineering， which is the main component of food bioengineering， is continuously upgraded. In addition to the improvement of the strains， fermentation process and product quality of traditional fermented foods， bio?manufactured functional food ingredients and new products like future foods have also emerged with the upgraded food fermentation industry. This review first outlined the multi?level changes in the research methods and manufacturing modes of fermented food brought about by the advancement of biotechnology and information technology， then elaborated the approaches and methods of using food synthetic biology to design and build cell factories， as well as the intellectualization progress of food bioengineering， specifically in microbial analysis， process engineering and separation engineering. Furthermore， we introduced the advances of applying modern food bioengineering technology on improving the quality and safety of traditional fermented foods， producing functional food components， preparing food additives and enzymes， creating future foods， and developing new probiotic foods. Finally， the global and domestic challenges in food fermentation industry were summarized， and the future development trends were prospected， which provided references for the technological innovation and industrial application of food fermentation.

With the increasing commercial planting area of genetically modified products and the increasing international trade， higher requirements are put forward for the safety management of genetically modified organisms. As the key link of safety evaluation， the detection technology of genetically modified products has gradually attracted the attention of governments all over the world. At present， there are many rapid detection methods for genetically modified products， but these detection methods have higher requirements for equipment， reagents and professional laboratory personnel. Therefore， in order to effectively support the development and management of transgenic related industries， it is urgent to establish a highly sensitive， specific and efficient transgenic detection technology. Genome editing technology is a kind of genetic modification technology developed rapidly in recent years， and CRISPR/Cas technology， as a representative technology， has greatly promoted the development of biotechnology. CRISPR/Cas technology has been applied not only in the field of gene editing but also in the field of nucleic acid molecular detection. Therefore， based on the detection technology of genetically modified products， the inevitability of the development of CRISPR/Cas detection technology from the detection principle， detection effect and other technical aspects was analyzed， and looked forward to its application prospect in the detection of genetically modified products， in order to provide information for the rapid detection and effective supervision of genetically modified products in China， which is of great significance for ensuring the smooth progress of the trade of genetically modified products in China.

At present， with the acceleration of the biotechnology industry revolution at home and abroad， the new transgenic technologies represented by gene editing are developing rapidly， and new genes， new traits and new products are constantly emerging. The detection method of gene editing products will become an important link and effective support for the safety supervision of genetically modified organisms. Therefore， based on sequencing， enzyme digestion， PCR and other detection technologies， some technical methods applied to the detection of gene editing products at present were summarized， and the advantages and disadvantages of each method were analyzed， in order to provide ideas for the detection of gene editing products in the future and make a good reserve of genetically modified regulatory technologies.

Functional nucleic acid can be understood from both connotation and extension based on the current research. From the connotation point of view， it covers nucleic acid molecules with special structural functions and performing specific biological functions； from the perspective of extension， it includes aptamers， nucleic acid ribozymes， riboswitches， luminescent nucleic acids， modified nucleic acids， nucleic acid tailoring， nucleic acid self?assembly， nucleic acid nanomaterials， nucleic acid nanozymes， nucleic acid drugs， and nucleic acid supplements. At present， functional nucleic acids have been successfully applied in several fields， such as biosensing， bioimaging， and biomedicine. This article discussed the concept of functional nucleic acid， and attempted to summarize its category and characteristics， in order to sort out the basic concepts of functional nucleic acid and promote the further development of this field.