Under the dual pressures of global population growth and arable land decreasing， the sustainable development of agriculture is urgent. Biological control， by utilizing natural enemies， beneficial microorganisms， and other beneficial organisms to suppress pests and pathogens， demonstrates great potential and it is an effective approach in modern agricultural pest and disease management. This article outlined the importance of biological control in sustainable agriculture and its positive role in protecting biodiversity and the environment. It detailed the application of pest natural enemies， the use of beneficial microorganisms to control plant diseases， the development of antagonist bacteria screening techniques， and the application of omics and nanotechnology. Finally， several improvement strategies were proposed， aimed at providing valuable references and guidance for the research and practical application of biological control， thereby enhanced the understanding and application of biological control technologies and promoted the development of sustainable agriculture.

Exopolysaccharides are multifunctional glycan compounds synthesized by microorganisms. In recent years， it has been found that exopolysaccharides have the functions of adsorption， hydrophilicity， cohesiveness and immune activity， which have attracted extensive attention in the field of multidisciplinary researches. At present， the production and purification process of exopolysaccharides has several problems， such as high cost and low yield， which limit the large-scale production and commercial application. In this review， the microbial sources， biological characteristics and physiological functions of exopolysaccharides were systematically introduced， the biosynthetic mechanisms of several exopolysaccharides with industrial application potentials were emphatically summarized， and the latest application directions of exopolysaccharides were listed. Moreover， the biosynthetic mechanisms， the large-scale production， and multi-field application of exopolysaccharides were prospected. Therefore， this review was expected to provide a reference for the further development and utilization， in-depth study of the function and activity mechanism， and the optimization of fermentation production process of microbial exopolysaccharides， and the extensive application in multiple disciplines and fields.

Scab and root rot caused by Fusarium are fungal diseases that threaten the safe production of many food crops， which can cause grain yield reduction and grain quality reduction. Fusarium infections in the field can also cause problems such as grain deterioration and toxin contamination during storage. Fusarium fulfills infection by forming infection structure， synthesizing cell wall degrading enzyme （CWDE） and toxin to resist host defense reaction and destroy plant tissue. Toxin is an important pathogenic factor of fungal pathogens. Plants bind the toxin to the matrix and pump it out of the cell to reduce the plant toxicity of the toxin through chemical modification and chemical compartmentation. The improvement and utilization of detoxification genes through cross breeding or transgenic technology is one of the effective ways to control Fusarium disease and toxin pollution. In this paper， the mechanism of secondary metabolites such as toxins in pathogen and plant interaction and disease development during infection were reviewed， which could provide a basis for plant disease resistance breeding and research， and development of new strategies for prevention and control of Fusarium disease and toxin.

Streptomyces is widely distributed in various ecological environments as the most advanced actinomycete. It has complex and unique morphological differentiation cycles and strong secondary metabolic abilities. Secondary metabolites of Streptomyces have many biological activities such as anti-infection， anti-tumor， anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant， immune adjustment and other biological activities， which is one of the main sources of natural active products. In recent years， with the development of marine resources， many new types of marine Streptomyces and their rich secondary metabolites have been discovered. The research on secondary metabolites of marine Streptomyces was reviewed， and the bioactive substances， breeding and fermentation culture of marine Streptomyces were summarized， in order to provide reference and help in shortening the fermentation cycle of marine Streptomyces， improving the yield and activity of secondary metabolites， and developing new marine drugs.

Cotton is one of the important cash crop in China， and insect pests have a great impact on cotton production. Breeding insect resistant cotton by transgenic technology provides an effective method for pest control. This article reviewed the research progress of genetically modified insect resistant cotton in recent years， including transgenic cotton with Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal crystal protein gene， RNAi transgenic insect resistant cotton， gene editing to create insect resistant cotton and research on the relationship between transgenic secondary metabolite genes and cotton insect resistance. The paper was expected to provide direction for further research on transgenic insect resistant cotton， and put forward prospects for the research of transgenic insect resistant cotton.

Antibiotic resistance has become one of the most critical threats to global health. The emergence of multi-drug resistant bacterial infections has led to increasingly high morbidity and mortality rates across medical， industrial， agricultural， and ecological domains. Phages can specifically lyse multi-drug resistant pathogens. However， due to their narrow host range， the presence of unfavorable genes in their genomes， and other limitations， only a limited number of phages have been successfully applied to combat multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. With editable and efficient features， phage genetic engineering provides a promising approach for expanding phage host ranges and designing "safe， green， and efficient" novel phages. This review systematically summarized recent advances in phage genetic engineering technologies while highlighting their practical applications in clinical therapies against drug-resistant infections， agricultural production， and ecological remediation. These insights established theoretical foundations for phage modification and their effective utilization in diverse fields.

Gene editing technology is one of the essential biological breeding technologies. With the rapid development of biological breeding industrialization， agricultural gene editing products have shown a rapid growth trend. However， the speed of development of its identification and traceability detection technology cannot correspond to intellectual property protection and regulatory requirements. This seriously restricts the development of the industry. In this paper， we focused on the main gene editing systems， the technology advantages of various gene editing systems， and target editing types. Moreover， we analyzed the characteristics， advantages， and disadvantages of detection technology for gene editing products. Furthermore， three suggestions， innovation of detection technology， integration of detection and evaluation technology， and supervision technology system refinement， were proposed to provide reference for the research on the identification， traceability technology of agricultural gene editing products and technical support for improving the supervision system of agricultural biotechnology products.

Iron is an essential trace element for plants and plant pathogens. Although the iron content is rich in soil， it couldn't be absorbed directly by plants due to the iron existing with the form of insoluble compounds. To supply growth and development， the plants， with long-term evolution process， have formed two iron absorption systems based on the reduction mechanism and chelation mechanism， and iron transport systems. Here， we reviewed the progress of the two strategies and molecular mechanisms of iron uptake in plants， the transport of iron in plant cells and the pathways in response to iron signaling in plants， the influence of iron on plant immune responses， the effect on pathogenicity of pathogens， and the functional mechanism of iron in plant-pathogen interaction. The aim of this review was providing reference for the study of iron signaling pathways in plant and the function of iron in plant-pathogen interaction，providing new ideas for crop cultivation.

Bispecific antibody （BsAb） is an artificial antibody with two specific antigen-binding sites， playing a bridging role between two functional molecules of target cells or between a target cell and another cell type. It has broad application prospects in anti-angiogenesis， clearance of tumor cells， regulation of tumor microenvironment and enhancement of anti-tumor immune response， etc. The research and development of BsAb is one of the important research directions in the field of biomedicine. Approximately two hundred BsAb drugs are entering clinical trials worldwide， and seven of them have been approved for marketing. More than 60 BsAb drugs are being investigated in China. However， most of them are in phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ clinical trials. Only Cadonilimab has been approved for marketing， and KN046 and AK112 are in phase Ⅲ clinical trials. This paper summarized the research progress， difficulties and challenges of the development and transformation of BsAb drugs， and proposed the reasonable and feasible solutions， which was expected to provide a reference for the development and strategic layout of BsAb drugs in China.

CHO cells comprise a variety of lineages including CHO-K1， CHO-DG44 and CHO-S， which have been widely used in the industrial production of biological drugs. All CHO cell lines share a common ancestor， however， during the process of cell passage cultivation， cell domesticated， and preservation by different laboratories or companies， substantial genetic heterogeneity among them has been produced， that showed great differences in cell growth state， antibody titer， glycosylation and other product quality attributes. This article reviewed the difference in chromosome， growing status and expression， and glycoform in different sources of CHO host cells， which was expected to be helpful in host cell selection during antibody drug research and development process.

CRISPR/Cas9 is an efficient and accurate gene editing technology， which is widely used in the field of livestock and poultry gene editing. This paper introduced the research progress and application of CRISPR/Cas9 technology in breeding of pig， cow， sheep and poultry， summarized the problems of its application in breeding， and prospected its future development trend， in order to provide reference for the future application of the technology in the field of livestock and poultry breeding.

The detection of small molecule haptens is of great significance for food and drug testing， environmental monitoring and disease diagnosis. However， commercially available immunoassays for haptens are limited， partially due to poor performance， such as low sensitivity. In the early 20th century， anti-idiotypes （Ab2） were discovered， and Ab2 can be divided into three different isoforms： Ab2α， Ab2β and Ab2γ. In addition to be used for the treatment and prevention of disease， Ab2 has potential applications in immunoassays. This review provided an overview of the use of Ab2 in competitive， non-competitive and phage-based immunoassays， including the different detection formats and effects on the performance. Both the use of appropriate Ab2 instead of hapten derivatives in competitive assays and the use of anti-metatype antibodies against primary antibody and hapten complexes in non-competitive assays could increase detection sensitivity and improve cross-reactivity. The use of Ab2 could be a potentially important choice for the development of in vitro diagnostic assays in the future. In addition， different methods for the generation of Ab2 were summarized. The selection of natural nanobody libraries might be a more practical way to obtain Ab2 than traditional monoclonal antibody production.

Fusarium head blight （FHB）， caused by Fusarium graminearum， is one of the significant fungal diseases affecting wheat. FHB not only leads to severe yield loss in wheat but also poses a serious threat to human and animal health due to the production of mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol （DON）. Studies have shown that effectors and DON play crucial roles during the early stages of F. graminearum infection in wheat. This review summarized the pathogenic mechanisms of F. graminearum， the molecular interaction of effectors and DON during the interaction process with wheat. The paper provided an outlook on the effective utilization of pathogenic genes in the future， with the aim of providing a theoretical reference for the study of the interaction mechanism between F. graminearum and wheat， as well as the prevention and control of FHB in wheat.

Microplastics （MPs） usually referres to plastic fibers， particles or films with a particle size of less than 5 mm， which are found in various environmental media in the ocean and land， and are the main pollutants in the ecosystem， which could be absorbed by organisms and produce ecological and health risks. Due to the characteristics of low cost and environmental friendliness， biodegradable MPs have broad application prospects， which is the general development trend of MPs degradation in the future. This paper reviewed the effects of MPs on the environment and various organisms， and introduced in detail the potential toxicity of MPs to humans， and discussed various ways （bacterial， fungal， biofilm） and mechanisms for degrading MPs. This review hopefully provided a scientific reference for further research on the ecological risks and efficient degradation strategies of microplastics.

Microbial fermentation of traditional Chinese medicinal materials serves as a pivotal technique for novel drug discovery in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） processing. While contemporary biotechnology advancements have progressively clarified the mechanisms and processes underlying TCM fermentation， persisting challenges include the selection of appropriate microbial strains， elucidation of fermentation mechanisms， determination of relationships between fermentation endpoints and quality control markers， and standardization of fermentation protocols. This review systematically summarized the specific microbial mechanisms involved in TCM fermentation and evaluated current research through three critical dimensions： functional diversity of fermentative microorganisms， biochemical mechanisms of fermentation， and process optimization strategies. Furthermore， it prospected future developmental trajectories in this field. The review aimed to provide theoretical foundations and technological references for defining fermentation endpoints， establishing quality standards， optimizing standardized processes， and advancing drug innovation within the TCM industry chain.

The mucin （MUC） family is a group of highly glycosylated macromolecules，which is mainly distributed in the body of various lumen surface， playing a role in protecting and lubricating epithelial cells. Many studies have shown that mucins play an important role in the occurrence and development of tumors. Therefore， some mucins have been identified as tumor markers and become promising tumor therapeutic targets. This paper reviewed the current mucin-targeted tumor therapy， including small molecule inhibitors， antibody therapy， vaccines， etc， hoping to provide theoretical reference for the development and optimization of clinical tumor diagnosis and treatment methods.

Aflatoxins （AFTs） are potent carcinogens produced by multiple strains of the Aspergillus genus， which show extremely high stability in different harsh environments， so it is also considered to be one of the most important dietary risk factor for humans and animals. Furthermore， other toxic materials may also be generated in the degradation process of AFTs， and the degradation methods might destroy the structure of nutrients， and then decrease the quality of products ultimately. The contamination of aflatoxins places a huge burden on global health systems and the food industry. Although there are many ways to degrade aflatoxins， there is still no way to solve the problem of aflatoxins pollution perfectly， so searching for a technology which can eradicate aflatoxins effectively and safely has become a research hotspot for contemporary researchers. In this article， we summarized the mechanism of aflatoxin toxicity and reviewed several methods of AFTs degradation. We also summarized the advantages and disadvantages of these techniques， in which the research progress of using biological methods and nanomaterials to remove AFTs was recaptitulated systematically. At present， the use of biotechnological means and nanomaterials to degrade aflatoxins has commendable biosafety and efficiency， so the generation of new degradation techniques in the future might revolve around this. Therefore， this paper attempted to support researchers to develop new degradation methods of AFTs.

The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats associated proteins （CRISPR) system is an acquired immune system of prokaryotes. The CRISPR/Cas9 system， developed based on the bacterial immune system CRISPR， is changing biology and basic medical research， and is one of the most efficient， simplest and cost-effective gene editing and modification technologies available. However， there is currently a lack of strategies for effectively delivering CRISPR systems to diseased cells in vivo， and non-viral vectors with target recognition capabilities may be the focus of future research， with pathological and physiological changes caused by disease onset promising as identifying factors for targeted delivery or gene editing targets. This article provided an overview of existing gene editing tools and the advantages of the CRISPR/Cas9 system， summarized the application of CRISPR/Cas9 in the field of therapy， and discussed the problems and challenges encountered in CRISPR/Cas9-mediated therapy， in order to promote the advancement of CRISPR/Cas9 therapeutical technology and provide new perspectives for treating other complex diseases.

Biopharmaceuticals have achieved increasingly significant therapeutic effects in the treatment of tumors， autoimmune diseases and other complex diseases. However， there is a risk of immunogenicity when using biopharmaceuticals for treatment， which can reduce drug efficacy and affect treatment outcomes， even cause severe adverse reactions. Reducing or eliminating the immunogenicity of biopharmaceuticals on the basis of maintaining their pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy has become an important aspect of the drug development process. Understanding the complex mechanisms driving the immunogenicity of biopharmaceuticals and developing effective strategies to reduce immunogenicity risks are crucial for improving drug efficacy and safety. The article reviewed the development of mechanism of immunogenicity in biopharmaceuticals， discussed the factors that affected immunogenicity and focused on strategies used to reduce immunogenicity in drug development， in order to provide a reference for the research and development of biopharmaceuticals.

Antibody drugs have gone through three stages： polyclonal antibody， monoclonal antibody and genetically engineered antibody. With the continuous deepening of human research on antibody drugs， a variety of antibody screening technologies have emerged， such as polyclonal antibody technology， hybridoma antibody technology， antibody library display technology and transgenic mouse technology. Antibody drugs have a very large development prospect. The article summarized the characteristics of various antibody drug screening technologies， and discussed the challenges faced by antibody drug research and development， in order to provide reference for the subsequent development of antibody technology.