Abstract: Wheat is one of the most important crops in worldwide, and its production area is the largest in cereal crops. However, the genetic diversity is decreasing because of the long-term directional selection. Therefore, it is difficult to select excellent varieties through interspecific hybridization. Fortunately, many favorable genes exist in wheat related species, such as Secale, Haynaldia, Elytrigia, etc., which have good complementarity with wheat genome. Distant hybridization, therefore, plays an important role in wheat breeding and production in the world. Research progress about diversities, utilization, and problems  of wild relatives of wheat were introduced in this paper. Furthermore, to provide some important information for wheat breeding and genetic research, we discussed the effect and development direction of wild relatives in common wheat improvement.

Key words: wheat, distant hybridization, genetic diversity, genetic improvement

摘要： 小麦是世界主要的粮食作物，其生产面积居谷类作物之首。由于长期的定向选择，小麦遗传多样性不断降低，品种间杂交难以选育出抗性和综合性状优良的突破性品种。然而小麦近缘种如黑麦(Secale)、簇毛麦(Haynaldia)和偃麦草(Elytrigia)等包含很多优异基因，并且与小麦基因组间具有很好的互补性。可见远缘杂交在世界小麦育种实践中发挥了重要的作用。综述了小麦近缘野生资源的多样性、近缘野生种的利用方法和存在问题等的研究进展，讨论了小麦野生资源在小麦遗传改良的重要性和发展方向，以期为小麦优良品种培育及其遗传研究提供参考。

关键词: 小麦, 远缘杂交, 遗传多样性, 遗传改良