中药海马研究进展与中药现代化战略思考

doi:10.19586/j.2095-2341.2025.0119

生物技术进展 ›› 2026, Vol. 16 ›› Issue (2): 288-298.DOI: 10.19586/j.2095-2341.2025.0119

• 进展评述 • 上一篇

中药海马研究进展与中药现代化战略思考

刘文轩¹(), 韩博文², 马文龙³, 赵嘉昊⁴, 隋宏书², 李银清¹()

^1.长春中医药大学药学院，长春 130017
^2.山东第一医科大学临床与基础医学院，济南 250117
^3.山东第一医科大学药学院，济南 250117
^4.山东第一医科大学生物医学科学学院，济南 250117

收稿日期:2025-09-05 接受日期:2025-10-11 出版日期:2026-03-25 发布日期:2026-04-27
通讯作者: 李银清
作者简介:刘文轩 E-mail: 1327659854@qq.com；
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(81670004)

Research Progress on Traditional Chinese Medicine Hippocampus and Strategic Considerations for the Modernization

Wenxuan LIU¹(), Bowen HAN², Wenlong MA³, Jiahao ZHAO⁴, Hongshu SUI², Yinqing LI¹()

^1.School of Pharmacy，Changchun University of Chinese Medicine，Changchun 130117，China
^2.College of Clinical and Basic Medicine，Shandong First Medical University，Jinan 250117，China
^3.College of Pharmocy，Shandong First Medical University，Jinan 250117，China
^4.College of Biomedical Sciences，Shandong First Medical University，Jinan 250117，China

Received:2025-09-05 Accepted:2025-10-11 Online:2026-03-25 Published:2026-04-27
Contact: Yinqing LI

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

海马作为我国名贵的传统海洋中药，具有温肾壮阳、散结消肿等功效。研究表明，海马含有氨基酸、肽类、甾体、脂肪酸及微量元素等多种活性成分，具有性激素样作用及抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗疲劳等药理活性，在临床治疗及保健领域应用广泛。野生海马资源因过度捕捞与生态破坏而枯竭，所有种均列入《国家重点保护野生动物名录》及濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约(Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, CITES)附录Ⅱ，商业贸易受严格限制。人工养殖成为解决资源困境的关键，但多数养殖成熟品种尚未列入《中国药典》，药典对海马的种属鉴定与质量控制标准不足，导致市场基源混乱、伪品流通，严重制约了养殖品种的合法化利用。系统梳理了海马资源现状、化学成分、药理作用、质量标准与产品转化的研究进展，分析了非药典养殖品种的潜力与瓶颈，并提出针对性发展策略，以促使海马资源可持续利用与中药现代化。

关键词: 海马, 海洋中药, 产业现状

Abstract:

Hippocampus， a valuable traditional marine Chinese medicinal herb in China， possesses therapeutic effects such as warming the kidney and tonifying yang， resolving masses， and reducing swelling. Studies have shown that Hippocampus contains various bioactive components including amino acids， peptides， steroids， fatty acids， and trace elements， and exhibits pharmacological activities such as sex hormone-like effects， antioxidant， anti-tumor， and anti-fatigue properties， thereby having wide applications in clinical treatment and healthcare fields. Due to overfishing and ecological destruction， wild Hippocampus resources have been depleted. All species are listed in the National Key Protected Wildlife List and Appendix Ⅱ of Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora （CITES）， with their commercial trade strictly restricted. Artificial cultivation has become the key to addressing the resource dilemma； however， most maturely cultivated species have not yet been included in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. The Pharmacopoeia lacks sufficient standards for species identification and quality control of Hippocampus， leading to chaotic market origins and circulation of counterfeit products， which restricts the legitimate utilization of cultivated varieties. This review systematically summarized the current status of Hippocampus resources， their chemical components， pharmacological effects， quality standards， and progress in product transformation， analyzed the potential and bottlenecks of non-Pharmacopoeia cultivated varieties， and proposed targeted development strategies to promote the sustainable utilization of Hippocampus resources and the modernization of traditional Chinese medicine.

Key words: Hippocampus, marine traditional Chinese medicine, industry status

中图分类号:

Q959.9

刘文轩, 韩博文, 马文龙, 赵嘉昊, 隋宏书, 李银清. 中药海马研究进展与中药现代化战略思考[J]. 生物技术进展, 2026, 16(2): 288-298.

Wenxuan LIU, Bowen HAN, Wenlong MA, Jiahao ZHAO, Hongshu SUI, Yinqing LI. Research Progress on Traditional Chinese Medicine Hippocampus and Strategic Considerations for the Modernization[J]. Current Biotechnology, 2026, 16(2): 288-298.

图/表 2

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活性成分	主要化合物
氨基酸	赖氨酸、亮氨酸、色氨酸、缬氨酸、苏氨酸、蛋氨酸、异亮氨酸、甲硫氨酸、甘氨酸、丝氨酸、天冬氨酸、羟脯氨酸等
肽类	大海马源鲽素样抗菌肽（Hippocampus kuda pleurocidin-like peptide, HKPLP）、神经保护肽（Hippocampus trimaculatus-derived neuroprotective peptide-1, HTP-1）、三斑海马源新型肽1（Hippocampus trimaculatus-derived novel peptide-1, SHP-1）
脂肪酸	豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、花生酸、二十碳五烯酸（eicosapentaenoic acid，EPA）、花生四烯酸（arachidonic acid, ARA)、二十二碳六烯酸（docosahexaenoic acid, DHA）、3，5-二（1，1-二甲基乙基）-4-羟基-苯丙酸甲酯、硬脂酸、13-二十二酸、9-十六碳烯酸等
甾体类	胆甾-3，6-二酮、雄甾-4-烯-3，17-酮、谷甾-5，22-二烯-3-醇、雄甾-5，7-二烯-3-醇、胆甾-4-烯-3-酮、胆甾醇、3β，5α，9α-三羟基-（22E，24R）-麦角甾-7、22-二烯-6-二酮、菜籽甾醇、胆固醇、3β-羟基-7-甲氧基-胆甾-5-烯等
微量元素	Mn、Fe、Zn、Mg、P、Pb、Cu、Cr、Se、K、Ca、Ba、Na、Ni、Co、Cd等
其他化学成分	磷脂酰胆碱、磷脂酰乙醇胺、神经鞘磷脂、双磷脂酰甘油、尿嘧啶、腺嘌呤、肌酸酐、牛磺酸、N-乙酰基酪胺、D-甘露醇、河豚素、HG-11、HG-21、次黄嘌呤等

活性成分	主要化合物
氨基酸	赖氨酸、亮氨酸、色氨酸、缬氨酸、苏氨酸、蛋氨酸、异亮氨酸、甲硫氨酸、甘氨酸、丝氨酸、天冬氨酸、羟脯氨酸等
肽类	大海马源鲽素样抗菌肽（Hippocampus kuda pleurocidin-like peptide, HKPLP）、神经保护肽（Hippocampus trimaculatus-derived neuroprotective peptide-1, HTP-1）、三斑海马源新型肽1（Hippocampus trimaculatus-derived novel peptide-1, SHP-1）
脂肪酸	豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、花生酸、二十碳五烯酸（eicosapentaenoic acid，EPA）、花生四烯酸（arachidonic acid, ARA)、二十二碳六烯酸（docosahexaenoic acid, DHA）、3，5-二（1，1-二甲基乙基）-4-羟基-苯丙酸甲酯、硬脂酸、13-二十二酸、9-十六碳烯酸等
甾体类	胆甾-3，6-二酮、雄甾-4-烯-3，17-酮、谷甾-5，22-二烯-3-醇、雄甾-5，7-二烯-3-醇、胆甾-4-烯-3-酮、胆甾醇、3β，5α，9α-三羟基-（22E，24R）-麦角甾-7、22-二烯-6-二酮、菜籽甾醇、胆固醇、3β-羟基-7-甲氧基-胆甾-5-烯等
微量元素	Mn、Fe、Zn、Mg、P、Pb、Cu、Cr、Se、K、Ca、Ba、Na、Ni、Co、Cd等
其他化学成分	磷脂酰胆碱、磷脂酰乙醇胺、神经鞘磷脂、双磷脂酰甘油、尿嘧啶、腺嘌呤、肌酸酐、牛磺酸、N-乙酰基酪胺、D-甘露醇、河豚素、HG-11、HG-21、次黄嘌呤等

产品名称	保健功能	功效成分/标志性成分含量	主要原料
三匹马^®海马人参酒	抗疲劳	-	海马、眼镜蛇、肉苁蓉、枸杞、红枣、灵芝、人参、50 ℃米酒
金海马保健酒	免疫调节、抗疲劳	-	-
五同堂牌海马胶囊	抗疲劳	每100 g含粗多糖（以葡聚糖计）2.95 g、氨基酸31.8 g、牛磺酸7.01 g	海马、山药、葛根、甘草、牛磺酸、淀粉
韵宜生牌人参海马胶囊	抗疲劳	-	海马、红参、肉苁蓉、菟丝子、枸杞子
椰妹牌海马酒	延缓衰老、免疫调节、抗疲劳	-	海马、丹参、枸杞、山药、黑芝麻、黄芪、茯苓、红花、五味子、麦冬、大枣、甘草、白酒、白砂糖
金叶牌海马扶正胶囊	免疫调节	每100 g中含总皂苷3.0~4.5 g、蛋白质8.0 g	海马、人参皂苷粉、蚕蛹粉、黄芪、枸杞子、山药、五味子、制首乌、熟地、泽泻、菊花
海鹤牌鹿茸海马酒	延缓衰老	-	鹿茸、海马、海龙、麦门冬、冰糖、白酒
宏壮牌海马胶囊	抗疲劳、延缓衰老	每100 g含人参皂苷Rb1 200 mg	海马、人参提取物
麒麟牌花旗参海马口服液	免疫调节	-	-
菌宝牌海马鹿血胶囊	抗疲劳	每100 g含鹿血粉17.5 g、海马20 g	鹿血粉、海马、金樱子、芡实
五同堂牌海马口服液	免疫调节、延缓衰老	每100 mL含粗多糖（以葡聚糖计）241 mg、氨基酸990 mg	海马、鲍鱼、甘草、黄芪、罗汉果、牛磺酸

产品名称	保健功能	功效成分/标志性成分含量	主要原料
三匹马^®海马人参酒	抗疲劳	-	海马、眼镜蛇、肉苁蓉、枸杞、红枣、灵芝、人参、50 ℃米酒
金海马保健酒	免疫调节、抗疲劳	-	-
五同堂牌海马胶囊	抗疲劳	每100 g含粗多糖（以葡聚糖计）2.95 g、氨基酸31.8 g、牛磺酸7.01 g	海马、山药、葛根、甘草、牛磺酸、淀粉
韵宜生牌人参海马胶囊	抗疲劳	-	海马、红参、肉苁蓉、菟丝子、枸杞子
椰妹牌海马酒	延缓衰老、免疫调节、抗疲劳	-	海马、丹参、枸杞、山药、黑芝麻、黄芪、茯苓、红花、五味子、麦冬、大枣、甘草、白酒、白砂糖
金叶牌海马扶正胶囊	免疫调节	每100 g中含总皂苷3.0~4.5 g、蛋白质8.0 g	海马、人参皂苷粉、蚕蛹粉、黄芪、枸杞子、山药、五味子、制首乌、熟地、泽泻、菊花
海鹤牌鹿茸海马酒	延缓衰老	-	鹿茸、海马、海龙、麦门冬、冰糖、白酒
宏壮牌海马胶囊	抗疲劳、延缓衰老	每100 g含人参皂苷Rb1 200 mg	海马、人参提取物
麒麟牌花旗参海马口服液	免疫调节	-	-
菌宝牌海马鹿血胶囊	抗疲劳	每100 g含鹿血粉17.5 g、海马20 g	鹿血粉、海马、金樱子、芡实
五同堂牌海马口服液	免疫调节、延缓衰老	每100 mL含粗多糖（以葡聚糖计）241 mg、氨基酸990 mg	海马、鲍鱼、甘草、黄芪、罗汉果、牛磺酸

中药海马研究进展与中药现代化战略思考

Research Progress on Traditional Chinese Medicine Hippocampus and Strategic Considerations for the Modernization

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