生物技术进展 ›› 2026, Vol. 16 ›› Issue (2): 242-253.DOI: 10.19586/j.2095-2341.2025.0178
• 进展评述 • 上一篇
汤山1(
), 李思宇1, 丁楠2, 于宛玉1, 柳洪良3, 王馨悦1, 黄世臣1(
), 傅民杰4(
)
收稿日期:2025-12-15
接受日期:2026-01-28
出版日期:2026-03-25
发布日期:2026-04-27
通讯作者:
黄世臣,傅民杰
作者简介:汤山E-mail: m15543442201@163.com
基金资助:
Shan TANG1(
), Siyu LI1, Nan DING2, Wanyu YU1, Hongliang LIU3, Xinyue WANG1, Shichen HUANG1(
), Minjie FU4(
)
Received:2025-12-15
Accepted:2026-01-28
Online:2026-03-25
Published:2026-04-27
Contact:
Shichen HUANG,Minjie FU
摘要:
木质纤维素作为地球上储量最丰富的可再生生物质资源,其高效转化是应对能源转型与“碳中和”目标的关键途径,但复杂致密的天然结构使其面临严重的抗降解性技术瓶颈。综述了参与木质纤维素降解真菌的种类及其相关酶系的研究进展。重点分析了白腐菌、褐腐菌和软腐菌等主要降解真菌的分类特征、降解机制及胞外酶系组成。系统阐述了木质素分解酶系(漆酶、过氧化物酶等)、半纤维素水解酶和纤维素酶(内/外切葡聚糖酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶)的催化特性及协同作用机制。特别探讨了新发现的裂解多糖单加氧酶在提高纤维素降解效率方面的突破性作用,及其与糖苷水解酶的协同效应。展望了真菌酶系统在生物质能源、造纸工业等领域的应用前景及面临的挑战,以期为木质纤维素资源的高效生物转化利用提供理论参考。
中图分类号:
汤山, 李思宇, 丁楠, 于宛玉, 柳洪良, 王馨悦, 黄世臣, 傅民杰. 木质纤维素降解真菌及其相关酶研究进展[J]. 生物技术进展, 2026, 16(2): 242-253.
Shan TANG, Siyu LI, Nan DING, Wanyu YU, Hongliang LIU, Xinyue WANG, Shichen HUANG, Minjie FU. Research Progress on Lignocellulose Degraded by Fungi and Their Enzymes[J]. Current Biotechnology, 2026, 16(2): 242-253.
| 酶 | 真菌种类 | EC编号 | CAZy家族 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 漆酶 | 毛云芝(Trametes pubescens)、毛革盖菌(Coriolus hirsutus)、毛栓菌(Trametes hirsuta)、云芝(Trametes versicolor)、灵芝(Ganodermalucidum) | EC 1.10.3.2 | AA1 |
| 朱红密孔菌(Pycnoporus cinnabarinus)、粗糙脉孢菌(Neurospora crassa)、糙皮侧耳(Pleurotus ostreatus)、灰葡萄孢(Botrytis cinerea)、 | |||
| 锰过氧化物酶 | 黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium)、总状毛霉(Mucorracemosus)、核盘菌曲霉(Aspergillus sclerotiorum)、毛栓菌(Trametestrogii) | EC 1.11.1.13 | AA2 |
| 枝孢菌(Cladosporium cladosporioides)、冠锁瑚菌(Stropharia coronilla)、烟管菌(Bjerkandera adusta)、杏鲍菇(Pleurotus eryngii) | |||
| 木质素过氧化物酶 | 黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium)、总状毛霉(Mucor racemosus)、核盘菌曲霉(Aspergillus sclerotiorum)、枝孢菌(Cladosporium cladosporioides)、肺形侧耳(Pleurotus pulmonarius) | EC 1.11.1.14 | AA2 |
| 多功能过氧化物酶 | 糙皮侧耳(Pleurotus ostreatus)、杏鲍菇(P. eryngii)、香菇(Lentinula edodes) | EC 1.11.1.16 | AA2 |
| 辣根过氧化物酶 | 黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium)、 糙皮侧耳(P. ostreatus)、杏鲍菇(P. eryngii) | EC 1.11.1.7 | 未定义 |
| 芳香醇 | 漏斗侧耳(P. cornucopiae)、杏鲍菇(P. eryngii)、佛罗里达侧耳(P. floridanus)、肺形侧耳(P. pulmonarius)、糙皮侧耳(P. ostreatus) | EC 1.1.1.90 | AA5 |
| 乙醛酸氧化酶 | 黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium) | EC 1.2.3.5 | AA3 |
| 纤维二糖 | 黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium) | EC 1.1.99.18 | AA3 |
| 醌还原酶 | 干朽菌(Gloeophyllum trabeum) | EC 1.6.5.2 | QR |
| 酒精氧化酶 | 杏鲍菇(Pleurotus eryngii) | EC 1.1.3.7 | AA3 |
| 吡喃糖2-氧化酶 | 小孢壳菌(Peniophora sp.) | EC 1.1.3.4 | AA3 |
| (葡萄糖1-氧化酶) | |||
| 酪氨酸酶 | 嗜热毁丝霉(Myceliophthora thermophile)、双孢蘑菇(Agaricus bisporus)、血红密孔菌(Pycnoporus sanguineus)、里氏木霉(Trichoderma reesei) | EC 1.14.18.1 | 未定义 |
| 邻苯二酚氧化酶 | 米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae) | EC 1.10.3.1 | 未定义 |
表1 木质素降解酶及木质素降解真菌[5]
Table 1 Overview of lignin-degrading enzymes and lignin-degrading fungi
| 酶 | 真菌种类 | EC编号 | CAZy家族 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 漆酶 | 毛云芝(Trametes pubescens)、毛革盖菌(Coriolus hirsutus)、毛栓菌(Trametes hirsuta)、云芝(Trametes versicolor)、灵芝(Ganodermalucidum) | EC 1.10.3.2 | AA1 |
| 朱红密孔菌(Pycnoporus cinnabarinus)、粗糙脉孢菌(Neurospora crassa)、糙皮侧耳(Pleurotus ostreatus)、灰葡萄孢(Botrytis cinerea)、 | |||
| 锰过氧化物酶 | 黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium)、总状毛霉(Mucorracemosus)、核盘菌曲霉(Aspergillus sclerotiorum)、毛栓菌(Trametestrogii) | EC 1.11.1.13 | AA2 |
| 枝孢菌(Cladosporium cladosporioides)、冠锁瑚菌(Stropharia coronilla)、烟管菌(Bjerkandera adusta)、杏鲍菇(Pleurotus eryngii) | |||
| 木质素过氧化物酶 | 黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium)、总状毛霉(Mucor racemosus)、核盘菌曲霉(Aspergillus sclerotiorum)、枝孢菌(Cladosporium cladosporioides)、肺形侧耳(Pleurotus pulmonarius) | EC 1.11.1.14 | AA2 |
| 多功能过氧化物酶 | 糙皮侧耳(Pleurotus ostreatus)、杏鲍菇(P. eryngii)、香菇(Lentinula edodes) | EC 1.11.1.16 | AA2 |
| 辣根过氧化物酶 | 黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium)、 糙皮侧耳(P. ostreatus)、杏鲍菇(P. eryngii) | EC 1.11.1.7 | 未定义 |
| 芳香醇 | 漏斗侧耳(P. cornucopiae)、杏鲍菇(P. eryngii)、佛罗里达侧耳(P. floridanus)、肺形侧耳(P. pulmonarius)、糙皮侧耳(P. ostreatus) | EC 1.1.1.90 | AA5 |
| 乙醛酸氧化酶 | 黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium) | EC 1.2.3.5 | AA3 |
| 纤维二糖 | 黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium) | EC 1.1.99.18 | AA3 |
| 醌还原酶 | 干朽菌(Gloeophyllum trabeum) | EC 1.6.5.2 | QR |
| 酒精氧化酶 | 杏鲍菇(Pleurotus eryngii) | EC 1.1.3.7 | AA3 |
| 吡喃糖2-氧化酶 | 小孢壳菌(Peniophora sp.) | EC 1.1.3.4 | AA3 |
| (葡萄糖1-氧化酶) | |||
| 酪氨酸酶 | 嗜热毁丝霉(Myceliophthora thermophile)、双孢蘑菇(Agaricus bisporus)、血红密孔菌(Pycnoporus sanguineus)、里氏木霉(Trichoderma reesei) | EC 1.14.18.1 | 未定义 |
| 邻苯二酚氧化酶 | 米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae) | EC 1.10.3.1 | 未定义 |
| 酶 | 真菌 | EC编号 | CAZy家族 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 内切-1,4-β-木聚糖酶 | 长枝木霉(Trichoderma longibrachiatum)、草酸青霉(Penicillium oxalicum) | EC 3.2.1.8 | GH5、GH7、GH8、GH10、GH11、GH43 |
| 外切-1,4-β-木糖苷酶 | 构巢曲霉(Aspergillus nidulans) | EC 3.2.1.37 | GH3、GH39、GH43、GH52、GH54 |
| 内切-β-1,4-甘露聚糖酶 | 齐整小核菌(Sclerotium rolfsii) | EC 3.2.1.78 | GH5、GH26、GH113 |
外泌β-1,4-甘露糖苷酶 阿弗洛伊尔酯酶 | 黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger) | EC 3.2.1.25 EC 3.1.1.73 | GH1、GH2、GH5 CE1 |
| 对香豆酰酯酶 | 新美鞭菌(Neocallimastix sp.) | EC 3.1.1.B10 | CE1 |
| 内切 α-1,5-阿拉伯糖酶 | 黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)、黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium)、米黑根毛霉(Rhizomucor miehei)、粗糙脉孢菌(Neurospora crassa) | EC 3.2.1.99 | GH43 |
| α-L-阿拉伯糖苷酶 | 黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)、里氏木霉(Trichoderma reesei) | EC 3.2.1.55 | GH43、GH51、GH62 |
| α-葡萄糖醛酸酶 | 黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium) | EC 3.2.1.139 | GH67 |
| 木聚糖 α-1,2-葡糖醛酸苷酶 | 烟曲霉(Aspergillus fumigatus)、射脉菌(Phlebia radiate)、糙皮侧耳(Pleurotus ostreatus)、哈茨木霉(T. harzianum)、绿色木霉(T. viride)、长枝木霉(T. longibrachiatum) | EC 3.2.1.131 | GH67 |
Α-半乳糖苷酶 内切半乳糖酶 | 葡枝被孢霉(Mortierella vinacea) 构巢曲霉(Aspergillus nidulans)、黑曲霉(A. niger)、米曲霉(A. oryzae) | EC 3.2.1.22 EC 3.2.1.89 | GH4、GH27、GH36、GH57、GH97、GH110 |
| 葡萄糖苷酶 | 耐热腐质霉(Humicola insolvens) | EC 3.2.1.21 | GH1、GH3 |
| 乙酰酯酶 | 里氏木霉(Trichoderma reesei) | EC 3.1.1.6 | CE16 |
| 乙酰木聚糖酯酶 | 曲霉菌(Aspergillus sp.)、裂褶菌(Schizophyllum commune)、里氏木霉(Trichoderma reesei) | EC 3.1.1.7 | CE1、CE2、CE3、CE4、CE5、CE6、CE7、CE12、CE16 |
| 葡糖醛酸甲酯酶 | 嗜碱单端孢霉(Acremonium alcalophilum)、黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium)、里氏木霉(Trichoderma reesei) | EC 3.1.1 | CE15 |
表2 半纤维素降解中的酶和真菌[33]
Table 2 Enzymes and fungi involved in hemicellulose degradation
| 酶 | 真菌 | EC编号 | CAZy家族 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 内切-1,4-β-木聚糖酶 | 长枝木霉(Trichoderma longibrachiatum)、草酸青霉(Penicillium oxalicum) | EC 3.2.1.8 | GH5、GH7、GH8、GH10、GH11、GH43 |
| 外切-1,4-β-木糖苷酶 | 构巢曲霉(Aspergillus nidulans) | EC 3.2.1.37 | GH3、GH39、GH43、GH52、GH54 |
| 内切-β-1,4-甘露聚糖酶 | 齐整小核菌(Sclerotium rolfsii) | EC 3.2.1.78 | GH5、GH26、GH113 |
外泌β-1,4-甘露糖苷酶 阿弗洛伊尔酯酶 | 黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger) | EC 3.2.1.25 EC 3.1.1.73 | GH1、GH2、GH5 CE1 |
| 对香豆酰酯酶 | 新美鞭菌(Neocallimastix sp.) | EC 3.1.1.B10 | CE1 |
| 内切 α-1,5-阿拉伯糖酶 | 黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)、黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium)、米黑根毛霉(Rhizomucor miehei)、粗糙脉孢菌(Neurospora crassa) | EC 3.2.1.99 | GH43 |
| α-L-阿拉伯糖苷酶 | 黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)、里氏木霉(Trichoderma reesei) | EC 3.2.1.55 | GH43、GH51、GH62 |
| α-葡萄糖醛酸酶 | 黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium) | EC 3.2.1.139 | GH67 |
| 木聚糖 α-1,2-葡糖醛酸苷酶 | 烟曲霉(Aspergillus fumigatus)、射脉菌(Phlebia radiate)、糙皮侧耳(Pleurotus ostreatus)、哈茨木霉(T. harzianum)、绿色木霉(T. viride)、长枝木霉(T. longibrachiatum) | EC 3.2.1.131 | GH67 |
Α-半乳糖苷酶 内切半乳糖酶 | 葡枝被孢霉(Mortierella vinacea) 构巢曲霉(Aspergillus nidulans)、黑曲霉(A. niger)、米曲霉(A. oryzae) | EC 3.2.1.22 EC 3.2.1.89 | GH4、GH27、GH36、GH57、GH97、GH110 |
| 葡萄糖苷酶 | 耐热腐质霉(Humicola insolvens) | EC 3.2.1.21 | GH1、GH3 |
| 乙酰酯酶 | 里氏木霉(Trichoderma reesei) | EC 3.1.1.6 | CE16 |
| 乙酰木聚糖酯酶 | 曲霉菌(Aspergillus sp.)、裂褶菌(Schizophyllum commune)、里氏木霉(Trichoderma reesei) | EC 3.1.1.7 | CE1、CE2、CE3、CE4、CE5、CE6、CE7、CE12、CE16 |
| 葡糖醛酸甲酯酶 | 嗜碱单端孢霉(Acremonium alcalophilum)、黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium)、里氏木霉(Trichoderma reesei) | EC 3.1.1 | CE15 |
| 酶 | 真菌 | 酶编号 | CAZy族 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 内切葡聚糖酶 | 里氏木霉(Trichoderma reesei)、哈茨木霉(T. harzianum)、黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)、拟盘多毛孢属(Pesralotiopsis sp.)、黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium)、沼泽嗜蓝孢孔菌(Fomitopsis palustris)、前毛新美鞭菌(Neocallimastix frontalis) | EC 3.2.1.4 | GH5、GH6、GH7、GH9、GH12、GH45、GH74 |
| 外切葡聚糖酶 | 里氏木霉(Trichoderma reesei)、哈茨木霉(T. harzianum)、拟盘多毛孢菌(Pesralotiopsis sp.)、黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium)、沼泽嗜蓝孢孔菌(Fomitopsis palustris) | EC 3.2.1.91 | GH5、GH6、GH9 |
| β葡糖苷酶 | 里氏木霉(Trichoderma reesei)、黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium)、沼泽嗜蓝孢孔菌(Fomitopsis palustris) | EC 3.2.1.21 | GH1、GH2、GH3、GH5、GH9、GH30、GH39、GH116 |
| 1.6-β-d-葡萄糖苷酶 | 布雷费尔德青霉(Penicillium brefeldianum) | EC 3.2.1.75 | GH5、GH30 |
| 1.3-β-d-葡萄糖苷酶 | 华根霉(Rhizopus chinensis) | EC 3.2.1.39 | GH5、GH16、GH17、GH55、GH64、GH81、GH128 |
| 外切-1,3-β-葡聚糖酶 | 两性绵霉(Achlya bisexualis)、尖孢镰刀菌(Fusariumoxysporum) | EC 3.2.1.58 | GH3、GH5、GH16、GH17、GH55 |
| 1.3-1,4-β-d-葡萄糖苷酶 | 根囊鞭菌(Orpinomyces sp.) | EC 3.2.1.73 | GH16、GH50、GH86、GH118 |
表3 纤维素降解酶及其真菌[34]
Table 3 Overview of enzymes and fungi involved in cellulose degradation
| 酶 | 真菌 | 酶编号 | CAZy族 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 内切葡聚糖酶 | 里氏木霉(Trichoderma reesei)、哈茨木霉(T. harzianum)、黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)、拟盘多毛孢属(Pesralotiopsis sp.)、黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium)、沼泽嗜蓝孢孔菌(Fomitopsis palustris)、前毛新美鞭菌(Neocallimastix frontalis) | EC 3.2.1.4 | GH5、GH6、GH7、GH9、GH12、GH45、GH74 |
| 外切葡聚糖酶 | 里氏木霉(Trichoderma reesei)、哈茨木霉(T. harzianum)、拟盘多毛孢菌(Pesralotiopsis sp.)、黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium)、沼泽嗜蓝孢孔菌(Fomitopsis palustris) | EC 3.2.1.91 | GH5、GH6、GH9 |
| β葡糖苷酶 | 里氏木霉(Trichoderma reesei)、黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium)、沼泽嗜蓝孢孔菌(Fomitopsis palustris) | EC 3.2.1.21 | GH1、GH2、GH3、GH5、GH9、GH30、GH39、GH116 |
| 1.6-β-d-葡萄糖苷酶 | 布雷费尔德青霉(Penicillium brefeldianum) | EC 3.2.1.75 | GH5、GH30 |
| 1.3-β-d-葡萄糖苷酶 | 华根霉(Rhizopus chinensis) | EC 3.2.1.39 | GH5、GH16、GH17、GH55、GH64、GH81、GH128 |
| 外切-1,3-β-葡聚糖酶 | 两性绵霉(Achlya bisexualis)、尖孢镰刀菌(Fusariumoxysporum) | EC 3.2.1.58 | GH3、GH5、GH16、GH17、GH55 |
| 1.3-1,4-β-d-葡萄糖苷酶 | 根囊鞭菌(Orpinomyces sp.) | EC 3.2.1.73 | GH16、GH50、GH86、GH118 |
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