Abstract:

As the rapid development of biotechnology， the role of vaccines in the prevention and control of infectious diseases becomes increasingly significant， and widespread immunization is crucial for global health. However， there are considerable challenges in improving vaccine coverage in low- and middle-income countries. Due to the inherent instability and poor thermal stability of liquid vaccines， the high cost of cold chain distribution restricts the dissemination and administration of vaccines in these regions， leading to ineffective control of certain infectious diseases in remote areas. To ensure the stability and effectiveness of vaccines， freeze-drying （FD） technology has become one of the key technologies in vaccine preparation and preservation. This paper provided a comprehensive and systematic review of the principles of freeze-drying technology， its influencing factors， the application of FD technology in different types of vaccines， and its future development trends， which aimed to provide useful information and insights for further research and industrialization of vaccines.

Key words: freeze-drying technology, vaccine, spray drying, lyophilization

摘要：

随着生物技术的飞速发展，疫苗在预防和控制传染病方面的作用越发显著，广泛的疫苗接种对全球健康至关重要。然而，在中等及低收入国家，要提高疫苗接种覆盖率还存在重大挑战。由于液体疫苗存在易分解、热稳定性差、冷链配送成本高昂等不足，限制了疫苗在这些地区的分发和接种，使一些传染性疾病在偏远地区得不到有效控制。为了保证疫苗的稳定性和有效性，冷冻干燥（freeze-drying，FD）技术成为疫苗制备和保藏的关键技术之一。从冷冻干燥技术的原理、影响因素、FD技术在不同类型疫苗中的研究以及未来发展趋势等方面进行了全面、系统的综述，以期为疫苗研究和疫苗产业化的进一步发展提供有益的信息和思路。

关键词: 冷冻干燥技术, 疫苗, 喷雾干燥, 冻干