我国转基因棉花的研发进展及其环境安全评价

doi:10.19586/j.2095-2341.2026.0112

生物技术进展 ›› 2026, Vol. 16 ›› Issue (4): 774-785.DOI: 10.19586/j.2095-2341.2026.0112

我国转基因棉花的研发进展及其环境安全评价

贾孟瑶¹^,²(), 胡得琴¹^,³, 李源¹^,³, 王冬梅¹, 路伟², 潘洪生¹()

^1.新疆维吾尔自治区农业科学院植物保护研究所，农业农村部植物保护巴音郭楞野外科学观测研究站，乌鲁木齐 830091
^2.新疆农业大学农学院，棉花教育部工程研究中心/丝绸之路经济带棉花优质高效协同创新中心，乌鲁木齐 830052
^3.新疆大学生命科学与技术学院，新疆生物资源基因工程重点实验室，乌鲁木齐 830017

收稿日期:2026-04-30 接受日期:2026-06-01 出版日期:2026-07-25 发布日期:2026-09-11
通信作者: 潘洪生
作者简介:贾孟瑶 E-mail: 1783183842@qq.com；
基金资助:
新疆维吾尔自治区重点研发专项(2024B02003);新疆维吾尔自治区现代农业产业技术体系项目(XARS-03);新疆维吾尔自治区“天山英才”三农骨干人才计划项目(2023SNGGGCC032)

Research Progress and Environmental Safety Assessment of Transgenic Cotton in China

Mengyao JIA¹^,²(), Deqin HU¹^,³, Yuan LI¹^,³, Dongmei WANG¹, Wei LU², Hongsheng PAN¹()

^1.Plant Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station in Bayingol of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs，Institute of Plant Protection，Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Academy of Agricultural Sciences，Urumqi 830091，China
^2.Silk Road Economic Belt Cotton High-quality and Efficient Collaborative Innovation Centre，Engineering Research Centre of Cotton，Ministry of Education，College of Agriculture，Xinjiang Agricultural University，Urumqi 830052，China
^3.Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering，College of Life Science and Technology，Xinjiang University，Urumqi 830017，China

Received:2026-04-30 Accepted:2026-06-01 Online:2026-07-25 Published:2026-09-11
Contact: Hongsheng PAN

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

转基因棉花是全球商业化应用最为成功的转基因作物之一，2023年全球种植面积占棉花总种植面积的80.4%，2025年我国种植比例已达95%。在有效控制棉铃虫危害、显著减少化学农药用量的同时，靶标害虫抗性演化、种植结构变化带来的生态风险及公众对转基因作物环境安全的持续关切，已成为制约产业高质量发展的核心问题。系统阐述了我国近30年转基因棉花育种研发、产业化应用与环境安全评价进展，梳理了抗虫、耐除草剂、抗病、抗逆及品质改良多元育种技术体系，解析了棉铃虫Bt抗性演化机制与分区防控策略，评价了转基因棉花对非靶标生物、土壤微生态及基因扩散的生态风险，并结合棉区布局与生物技术前沿，展望了基因编辑育种、长期生态监测与生物安全精细化管理的方向，以期为我国转基因棉花可持续应用与产业高质量发展提供参考。

关键词: 转基因棉花, Bt棉花, 基因编辑, 环境安全评价, 生态风险, 抗性治理

Abstract:

Transgenic cotton is one of the most successfully commercialized transgenic crops worldwide. In 2023， its planting area accounted for 80.4% of the global total cotton acreage， and by 2025， the adoption rate in China had reached 95%. While transgenic cotton has effectively controlled Helicoverpa armigera infestation and significantly reduced the application of chemical pesticides， the evolution of target pest resistance， ecological risks associated with changing cropping structures， and persistent public concerns regarding the environmental safety of transgenic crops have emerged as core issues constraining the high-quality development of this industry. Against this background， this paper systematically reviewed the progress of transgenic cotton breeding， industrial application， and environmental safety assessment in China over the past three decades. It summarized the diversified breeding technology systems for insect resistance， herbicide tolerance， disease resistance， stress tolerance， and quality improvement， analyzed the mechanisms of Bt resistance evolution in H. armigera and the region-specific prevention and control strategies， and evaluated the ecological risks of transgenic cotton to non-target organisms， soil microecology， and gene flow. Furthermore， in view of the current layout of cotton-growing regions and frontiers in biotechnology， this paper prospected the future directions of gene-editing breeding， long-term ecological monitoring， and refined biosafety management， aiming to provide a scientific reference for the sustainable application of transgenic cotton and the high-quality development of China's cotton industry.

Key words: genetically modified cotton, Bt cotton, gene editing, environmental safety assessment, ecological risk, resistance management

中图分类号:

Q943.2

贾孟瑶, 胡得琴, 李源, 王冬梅, 路伟, 潘洪生. 我国转基因棉花的研发进展及其环境安全评价[J]. 生物技术进展, 2026, 16(4): 774-785.

Mengyao JIA, Deqin HU, Yuan LI, Dongmei WANG, Wei LU, Hongsheng PAN. Research Progress and Environmental Safety Assessment of Transgenic Cotton in China[J]. Current Biotechnology, 2026, 16(4): 774-785.

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链接本文: https://swjsjz.magtechjournal.com/CN/10.19586/j.2095-2341.2026.0112

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技术类别	基因/技术名称	外源基因/编辑工具	防控/改良目标	代表品种/材料	发展阶段
转Bt基因抗虫棉花	Cry1Ac/1Ab融合蛋白	人工合成融合蛋白基因（活性结构域）	棉铃虫等咀嚼式口器害虫	国产转基因抗虫棉（如GK系列）	成熟商业化
新型抗咀嚼式口器害虫棉花	Vip3(Vip3Aa)	营养期杀虫蛋白基因	棉铃虫、红铃虫（广谱）	表达Vip3Aa的品系（如MON 89151）	试验/ 有限应用
	RNAi(HIGS)	双链RNA（靶标昆虫基因）	棉铃虫（靶标保幼激素等）	研发中的RNAi抗虫棉	试验阶段
抗刺吸式口器害虫棉花	GNA	凝集素基因	棉蚜、棉盲蝽等	转GNA/ACA双基因棉花新材料	试验阶段
	Cry51Aa1.C006	新型Bt蛋白突变基因	棉盲蝽	研发中的品系	试验阶段
	RNAi（靶向脂肪酸还原酶基因）	dsRNA	中黑盲蝽	Jin668（转基因品系）	试验阶段
耐除草剂棉花	EPSPS (CP4EPSPS/GR79)	耐草甘膦基因	棉田杂草	GGK2, KJC017	成熟商业化（近期）
	BAR	耐草铵膦基因	棉田杂草	研发中的品系	试验/有限应用
抗黄萎病棉花	几丁质酶（Chi）、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶（Glu）等	抗病相关基因	大丽轮枝菌（黄萎病）	中植棉2号，农大601	部分应用（抗病材料）
其他新型/复合性状	GhSLD1、GhSDG51等	纤维品质、耐盐基因	纤维改良、耐盐性	转基因冀棉14（纤维改良）	试验阶段
	Cry1Ac×EPSPS	抗虫+耐除草剂双价基因	棉铃虫+杂草	转双价基因棉花	试验阶段
	KcERF×PeDREB2a、SikCOR413PM1	抗旱/耐盐碱/耐寒基因	非生物胁迫（干旱、盐碱、低温）	转双价基因/SikCOR413PM1棉花	试验阶段

技术类别	基因/技术名称	外源基因/编辑工具	防控/改良目标	代表品种/材料	发展阶段
转Bt基因抗虫棉花	Cry1Ac/1Ab融合蛋白	人工合成融合蛋白基因（活性结构域）	棉铃虫等咀嚼式口器害虫	国产转基因抗虫棉（如GK系列）	成熟商业化
新型抗咀嚼式口器害虫棉花	Vip3(Vip3Aa)	营养期杀虫蛋白基因	棉铃虫、红铃虫（广谱）	表达Vip3Aa的品系（如MON 89151）	试验/ 有限应用
	RNAi(HIGS)	双链RNA（靶标昆虫基因）	棉铃虫（靶标保幼激素等）	研发中的RNAi抗虫棉	试验阶段
抗刺吸式口器害虫棉花	GNA	凝集素基因	棉蚜、棉盲蝽等	转GNA/ACA双基因棉花新材料	试验阶段
	Cry51Aa1.C006	新型Bt蛋白突变基因	棉盲蝽	研发中的品系	试验阶段
	RNAi（靶向脂肪酸还原酶基因）	dsRNA	中黑盲蝽	Jin668（转基因品系）	试验阶段
耐除草剂棉花	EPSPS (CP4EPSPS/GR79)	耐草甘膦基因	棉田杂草	GGK2, KJC017	成熟商业化（近期）
	BAR	耐草铵膦基因	棉田杂草	研发中的品系	试验/有限应用
抗黄萎病棉花	几丁质酶（Chi）、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶（Glu）等	抗病相关基因	大丽轮枝菌（黄萎病）	中植棉2号，农大601	部分应用（抗病材料）
其他新型/复合性状	GhSLD1、GhSDG51等	纤维品质、耐盐基因	纤维改良、耐盐性	转基因冀棉14（纤维改良）	试验阶段
	Cry1Ac×EPSPS	抗虫+耐除草剂双价基因	棉铃虫+杂草	转双价基因棉花	试验阶段
	KcERF×PeDREB2a、SikCOR413PM1	抗旱/耐盐碱/耐寒基因	非生物胁迫（干旱、盐碱、低温）	转双价基因/SikCOR413PM1棉花	试验阶段

我国转基因棉花的研发进展及其环境安全评价

Research Progress and Environmental Safety Assessment of Transgenic Cotton in China

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