Abstract:

Biological products are prone to various physical and chemical degradation during storage， so long-term storage technology for biological products is necessary to slow down degradation， maintain biological activity and extend storage life. At present， low-temperature preservation technology is the most commonly used and effective method for long-term preservation of biological products， which can greatly reduce the activity decrease resulted from various physical and chemical degradation caused by liquid water during the storage of biological products. However， there are still some damages in the preservation process of biological products using low-temperature preservation technology， such as ice crystal damage， adsorption denaturation of ice water interface， and osmotic damage. The use of appropriate freezing processes and cryoprotectant agents （CPAs） plays an important role in reducing the negative impact of low-temperature preservation process. This article reviewed the research progress of low-temperature preservation technology in the preservation of biological products， including the influencing factors of low-temperature preservation （cryoprotectants， freezing processes and other influencing factors）， as well as the latest low-temperature preservation technologies， in order to provide reference for overcoming damage and maintaining activity of biological products during long-term preservation.

Key words: freeze, cryopreservation, cryoprotectant, freeze thawing

摘要：

生物制品在储存中易发生多种物理和化学降解，因此生物制品长期保存技术对于减缓生物制品降解、保持生物活性、延长储存期限十分必要。目前，低温保存技术是生物制品长期保存最常用且有效的方法，其能极大地减少生物制品储存时，由于液态水带来的多种物理降解和化学降解导致的活性降低现象。然而低温保存技术在生物制品的保存过程中仍会发生损伤，这些损伤包括冰晶损害、冰水界面吸附变性、渗透伤害等，使用合适的冷冻工艺和冷冻保护剂（cryoprotectant agents, CPAs）对减少低温保存过程带来的负面影响有重要作用。综述了低温保存技术在生物制品保存过程中的研究进展，包括低温保存的影响因素（冷冻保护剂、冷冻过程和其他影响因素）以及最新的低温保存技术，以期为生物制品在长期保存过程中克服损伤和维持活性提供参考。

关键词: 冷冻, 低温保存, 冷冻保护剂, 冻融